Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 23, 2026
14:52
Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
Published on: January 13, 2018
Adverse effects during specific oral tolerance induction: in-hospital "rush" phase
1Pediatric Emergency Department, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, University of Trieste, Italy.
European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|April 24, 2012
Summary
Specific oral tolerance induction (SOTI) for cow's milk allergy caused frequent but manageable reactions. Nebulized epinephrine effectively treated moderate respiratory reactions during this experimental treatment.
Area of Science:
- Allergy and Immunology
- Pediatric Allergy
- Clinical Therapeutics
Background:
- Specific oral tolerance induction (SOTI) shows promise for treating severe food allergies.
- Current SOTI protocols demonstrate efficacy but remain experimental and require controlled settings.
- Cow's milk allergy is a common food allergy necessitating effective treatment strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the incidence and severity of adverse reactions during in-hospital SOTI for cow's milk allergy.
- To identify risk factors associated with adverse reactions.
- To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of nebulized epinephrine as a first-line treatment for respiratory reactions.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective study of medical records for patients undergoing SOTI since 2001.
- Classification of reactions using a modified Clark scale (mild, moderate, severe).
- Treatment protocols followed International Guidelines, incorporating nebulized epinephrine for specific reaction levels.
Main Results:
- 192 patients with objective reactions were analyzed.
- Mild reactions (100 patients) were managed with antihistamines or steroids.
- Moderate reactions (87 patients) were treated with nebulized epinephrine and other medications; severe reactions (5 patients) required IM epinephrine.
Conclusions:
- Adverse reactions during in-hospital SOTI for cow's milk allergy are common but manageable.
- Nebulized epinephrine is a safe and effective first-line treatment for respiratory reactions.
- SOTI protocols require careful monitoring and management of adverse events.
Related Concept Videos
01:12Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects
While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
01:18Drug Delivery: Enteral Route
The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
Drugs in...
Drugs in...
01:24Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
01:15Chronopharmacokinetics: Circadian Rhythms and Influence on Drug Response
Circadian rhythms are cyclic changes that are crucial in plasma drug concentrations. Various standard circadian parameters, including core body temperature, heart rate, and other cardiovascular factors, directly impact disease states and the therapeutic response to drug therapy.
The time of drug administration is an important factor to consider, as it can influence the toxic dose of a drug. For example, a study conducted by Prins et al. in 1997 examined the effects of the timing of...
The time of drug administration is an important factor to consider, as it can influence the toxic dose of a drug. For example, a study conducted by Prins et al. in 1997 examined the effects of the timing of...
01:30Toxidromes: Clinical Features
Toxidromes are specific patterns of symptoms resulting from toxic substance exposure. They help in the identification and treatment of poisoning. The symptoms of each toxidrome group indicate poisoning by a certain class of chemicals or drugs.1. Sympathomimetic: Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. Symptoms include agitation, increased heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), temperature, and pupil size. Drugs like cocaine and amphetamines, along with tremors and...
01:20Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis
Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
Several...
Several...