Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Positive Symptoms Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions01:26

Positive Symptoms Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions

Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by a range of symptoms that significantly impact cognition, behavior, and emotional regulation. Among these, the positive symptoms stand out as they involve the addition or exaggeration of normal mental functions, deviating markedly from typical behavior and perception. Hallucinations and delusions are prominent positive symptoms, each profoundly affecting the individual's experience of reality.
Hallucinations
Hallucinations in...
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
Perception01:28

Perception

Perception is a fundamental psychological process that enables individuals to organize, interpret, and consciously experience sensory information. This process is crucial for understanding and interacting with the world around us. It includes both bottom-up and top-down processing, each playing a distinct role in how we perceive our environment.
Bottom-up processing begins at the sensory level, where receptors detect external environmental stimuli. These could include the tactile sensation of...
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...
Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions01:30

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions

Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder that can manifest with various positive symptoms, including thought, movement, and behavior disorders. These symptoms significantly disrupt cognitive and motor functions, leading to profound effects on an individual's ability to engage with the world.
Thought Disorders
Disorganized and unusual thought processes mark thought disorders in schizophrenia. One key feature is disorganized speech, where an individual's conversation includes loosely...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Multilevel Twin Models: Geographical Region as a Third Level Variable.

Behavior genetics·2021
Same author

Outbreaks of the winter moth on Sitka Spruce in Scotland are not influenced by nutrient deficiencies of trees, tree budburst, or pupal predation.

Oecologia·2017
Same author

Stress improves selective attention towards emotionally neutral left ear stimuli.

Acta psychologica·2014
Same author

Leaf phenolic inhibition of gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus Role of polyhedral inclusion body aggregation.

Journal of chemical ecology·2013
Same author

Neural basis of auditory expectation within temporal cortex.

Neuropsychologia·2013
Same author

Visual broadcast in schizophrenia.

Medical humanities·2013
Same journal

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide-Induced Central Sensitization: A Hypothesis for Long COVID Symptoms.

Medical hypotheses·2026
Same journal

Subclinical mastitis during lactation: a modifiable risk factor for breast cancer?

Medical hypotheses·2025
Same journal

The Role of Hemispheric Sensory Shifts: Impacts on Stretch Reflex and Motor Plasticity Post-Stroke.

Medical hypotheses·2025
Same journal

Neuron-Targeted Exosome Therapy: A Novel Approach for Treating Cardiogenic Dementia via RyR2 Inhibition.

Medical hypotheses·2025
Same journal

How the Somatosensory System Adapts to the Motor Change in Stroke: A Hemispheric Shift?

Medical hypotheses·2024
Same journal

Unstable Plaque is a Treatable Cause of Cognitive Decline.

Medical hypotheses·2024
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Auditory hallucinations: expectation-perception model.

J M Nazimek1, M D Hunter, P W R Woodruff

  • 1Sheffield Cognition and Neuroimaging Laboratory (SCANLab), Academic Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, The Longley Centre, Norwood Grange Drive, Sheffield S5 7JT, UK. j.nazimek@sheffield.ac.uk

Medical Hypotheses
|April 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia may stem from faulty predictive coding, specifically a lack of prediction error. This imbalance between expectation and reality offers a new model for understanding and treating this symptom.

More Related Videos

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique
11:39

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

Published on: September 7, 2022

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach
10:50

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

Published on: June 6, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique
11:39

Assessment of Audio-Tactile Sensory Substitution Training in Participants with Profound Deafness Using the Event-Related Potential Technique

Published on: September 7, 2022

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach
10:50

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

Published on: June 6, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Auditory hallucinations are a core symptom of schizophrenia.
  • Existing explanations lack concrete mechanistic details.
  • Understanding the underlying mechanisms is crucial for effective treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel hypothesis for the mechanism of auditory hallucinations.
  • To explain hallucinations through abnormalities in predictive coding and prediction error processing.
  • To offer a framework for understanding the imbalance between perceptual expectation and external input.

Main Methods:

  • Hypothesis generation based on predictive coding principles.
  • Identification of potential neurobiological underpinnings (e.g., prefrontal cortex-thalamus modulation, neurotransmitter dysfunction).
  • Linking impaired prediction error processing to observable phenomena like reduced mismatch negativity.

Main Results:

  • Auditory hallucinations may arise from the absence or attenuation of prediction error in predictive coding.
  • This deficit can result from various neural and functional abnormalities.
  • The proposed expectation-perception model explains how internal expectations can generate percepts without external input.

Conclusions:

  • The predictive coding framework offers a comprehensive explanation for auditory hallucinations.
  • This model highlights the imbalance between perceptual expectation and external sensory input.
  • The hypothesis provides potential targets for novel therapeutic interventions in schizophrenia.