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Related Concept Videos

Teeth01:15

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Bone Markings01:26

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology
07:26

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Published on: August 22, 2022

Multiple supernumerary teeth associated with bony malformations.

R Kamatham1, J Sharada, A Mohapatra

  • 1Department of Pedodontics, Narayana Dental College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India. rekhanagmds@yahoo.co.in

The Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry
|April 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare genetic disorder. This case highlights an unusual presentation with 16 extra teeth and bone abnormalities, aiding early diagnosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Dentistry
  • Genetics
  • Orthodontics

Background:

  • Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is an autosomal dominant disorder affecting bone development, particularly the clavicles and skull.
  • Oral manifestations, including delayed tooth eruption and supernumerary teeth, are common but extreme presentations are rare.

Observation:

  • This report details an atypical case of cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) in a patient presenting with significant bony malformations.
  • The patient exhibited 16 supernumerary teeth, a rare occurrence even within the spectrum of CCD.

Findings:

  • Early diagnosis was facilitated by the pronounced oral findings, specifically the high number of supernumerary teeth.
  • The association of 60 teeth (including supernumerary) with bony malformations is seldom observed.

Implications:

  • Early identification of CCD through oral symptoms can lead to timely intervention and management.
  • Understanding rare presentations of CCD is crucial for comprehensive patient care and achieving better oral health outcomes.