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Related Concept Videos

Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons
09:50

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

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GABAergic interneuron migration and the evolution of the neocortex.

Daisuke H Tanaka1, Kazunori Nakajima

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. emaniatahon@gmail.com

Development, Growth & Differentiation
|April 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Changes in inhibitory interneurons

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The neocortex, a defining feature of mammals, is highly developed in humans.
  • Evolutionary theories suggest changes in excitatory neurons contributed to neocortex development.
  • The role of inhibitory interneurons in neocortex evolution remains less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the migratory patterns of inhibitory interneurons across species.
  • To compare the intrinsic migratory abilities of interneurons from different species.
  • To propose a hypothesis on the mammalian-specific evolution of interneuron migration and its role in neocortex formation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of interneuron migration studies in various species.

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons
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Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

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  • Comparative analysis of intrinsic interneuron migratory capacities.
  • Hypothesis formulation based on existing data.

    • Main Results:

    • Inhibitory interneurons exhibit diverse migratory profiles across vertebrate species.
    • Comparisons reveal species-specific differences in intrinsic interneuron migratory ability.
    • Evidence suggests migratory changes in inhibitory interneurons are crucial.

    Conclusions:

    • Altered migratory ability of inhibitory interneurons may be a key factor in mammalian neocortex evolution.
    • This evolution likely contributed to the establishment of a functional neocortex.
    • Further research into interneuron migration can illuminate neocortical development.