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Nutritional deficiencies after bariatric surgery.

Bikram S Bal1, Frederick C Finelli, Timothy R Shope

  • 1Department of Medicine, Washington Hospital Center, POB North, Suite 3400, 106 Irving Street Northwest, Washington, DC 20010, USA.

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Bariatric surgery patients frequently experience nutrient deficiencies, including protein malnutrition and micronutrient issues, which can persist post-surgery. Early recognition and treatment of these deficiencies are crucial for managing health outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Gastroenterology
  • Metabolic Surgery

Background:

  • Lifestyle interventions for obesity often yield suboptimal weight loss and maintenance.
  • Bariatric surgery is increasingly common for managing obesity and related comorbidities.
  • Nutrient deficiencies are prevalent before and can persist after bariatric procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on nutrient deficiencies following bariatric surgery.
  • To highlight follow-up and treatment strategies for these deficiencies.
  • To discuss the link between specific deficiencies and adverse health outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of nutrient deficiencies after bariatric surgery.
  • Analysis of common macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies.
  • Examination of associated conditions like small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and metabolic bone disease.

Main Results:

  • Protein malnutrition is the primary macronutrient deficiency.
  • Micronutrient deficiencies (vitamins, minerals, trace elements) are common and often persist.
  • Vitamin D deficiency is linked to metabolic bone diseases (osteoporosis, osteomalacia) and increased fracture risk.

Conclusions:

  • Clinical recognition of nutrient deficiencies is vital for early intervention.
  • Further research is needed on optimal supplementation and monitoring.
  • Clinicians should actively assess and treat symptoms suggestive of nutrient deficiencies.