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Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
11:32

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes

Published on: December 8, 2014

Identifying Impairments after concussion: normative data versus individualized baselines.

Julianne D Schmidt1, Johna K Register-Mihalik, Jason P Mihalik

  • 1The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8700, USA.

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
|April 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Comparing concussion assessment methods, individualized baselines identified more impairments in reaction time, while normative data identified more in mathematical processing. Normative data may be useful for resource-limited clinicians.

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

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A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
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Published on: September 25, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Concussion assessment relies on comparing post-injury performance to pre-injury baselines.
  • Two common comparison methods are individualized baseline and normative data comparisons.
  • Agreement between these methods in identifying post-concussion impairments is not well-established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine agreement between individualized baseline and normative comparison methods for identifying concussion-related impairments.
  • To compare the efficacy of these two methods across different neurocognitive and symptom measures.

Main Methods:

  • 1060 collegiate athletes underwent baseline neurocognitive and symptom testing.
  • 258 athletes diagnosed with concussion were assessed post-injury.
  • Impairment was determined by comparing post-injury scores to individualized baselines or normative means using reliable change parameters.

Main Results:

  • Individualized baselines identified significantly more impairments in Simple Reaction Time Test 1 (2.6x more).
  • Normative comparison identified significantly more impairments in Mathematical Processing (7.6x more).
  • No significant disagreements were found for postural control or symptom severity.

Conclusions:

  • Discrepancies exist between individualized baseline and normative comparison methods in concussion assessment.
  • Normative data may be a viable alternative to individualized baselines, particularly for clinicians with limited resources.
  • The choice of comparison method can influence the identification of specific cognitive impairments post-concussion.