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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Disorders of Leukocytes01:27

Disorders of Leukocytes

Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
Leukopenia may result from bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. For example, conditions such as multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia can impair the bone marrow's ability to produce adequate leukocytes. Similarly, autoimmune diseases like lupus and viral infections such as HIV can prompt the immune system...
Lymphoid Cells and Tissues01:18

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...

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Immunoglobulin Gene Sequence Analysis In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: From Patient Material To Sequence Interpretation
09:02

Immunoglobulin Gene Sequence Analysis In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: From Patient Material To Sequence Interpretation

Published on: November 26, 2018

Immunological aspects in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) development.

Ricardo García-Muñoz1, Verónica Roldan Galiacho, Luis Llorente

  • 1Hematology Department, Hospital San Pedro, c/Piqueras 98, Logroño, La Rioja, 26006, Spain. rgmunoz@riojasalud.es

Annals of Hematology
|April 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) originates from self-reactive B cells undergoing tolerogenic processes. These B cells (lymphocytes) are selected through antigen encounters, leading to distinct mutated or unmutated IGVH gene profiles in CLL.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hematology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B cell malignancy characterized by either somatically mutated or unmutated IGVH genes.
  • The cellular origin of CLL remains incompletely understood, with differing developmental pathways proposed based on IGVH mutation status.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review immunological aspects of CLL pathogenesis.
  • To propose a mechanistic hypothesis for the origin of CLL clones within normal B cell development.
  • To provide insights into the complex biology and pathogenesis of CLL.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on B cell development and CLL.
  • Formulation of a mechanistic hypothesis integrating immunological processes.
  • Analysis of proposed B cell selection and tolerization mechanisms in CLL.

Main Results:

  • Unmutated CLL may arise from self-reactive B cells undergoing receptor editing, CD5 expression, and anergy in the bone marrow.
  • Mutated CLL may arise from B cells in germinal centers that acquire self-reactivity and undergo tolerization mechanisms like receptor editing and anergy.
  • Both CLL types are proposed to be proliferations of B lymphocytes selected through encounters with autoantigens and microbial pathogens, despite differing maturation states.

Conclusions:

  • Tolerogenic mechanisms, including receptor editing, anergy, CD5+ expression, and somatic hypermutation, are crucial in shaping CLL B cell clones.
  • The resulting CLL clones exhibit similar surface markers and gene expression signatures, potentially reflecting attempts to re-educate self-reactive B cells.
  • The proposed hypothesis integrates CLL pathogenesis into the framework of normal B cell development, highlighting the role of antigen selection and immune tolerance evasion.