Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...
Structures of Aldehydes and Ketones01:04

Structures of Aldehydes and Ketones

Vanillin—a flavoring agent in vanilla, cinnamaldehyde—a molecule responsible for the distinct smell of cinnamon, and acetone—a strong-smelling ingredient in nail polish removers, all belong to a class of carbonyl compounds called aldehydes and ketones (Figure 1). Although both aldehydes and ketones contain the characteristic carbonyl (C=O) bond, their chemical structures vary with respect to the groups directly attached to the carbonyl carbon.
In aldehydes (Figures 1a and 1b), the carbonyl...
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups


Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
Due to the absence of continuous overlap of p...
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Predicting biological activity and design of 5-HT<sub>6</sub> antagonists through assessment of ANN-QSAR models in the context of Alzheimer's disease.

Journal of molecular modeling·2024
Same author

Analgesic Activity of 5-Acetamido-2-Hydroxy Benzoic Acid Derivatives and an In-Vivo and In-Silico Analysis of Their Target Interactions.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)·2023
Same author

Antioxidant capacity of simplified oxygen heterocycles and proposed derivatives by theoretical calculations.

Journal of molecular modeling·2023
Same author

A PLS study on the psychotropic activity for a series of cannabinoid compounds.

Journal of molecular modeling·2023
Same author

Towards a relationship between photoluminescence emissions and photocatalytic activity of Ag<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>4</sub>: combining experimental data and theoretical insights.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2022
Same author

Hierarchical Virtual Screening Based on Rocaglamide Derivatives to Discover New Potential Anti-Skin Cancer Agents.

Frontiers in molecular biosciences·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade
09:50

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade

Published on: August 14, 2019

The basic antioxidant structure for flavonoid derivatives.

Anna P S Mendes1, Rosivaldo S Borges, Antonio M J Chaves Neto

  • 1Núcleo de Estudos e Seleção de Biomoléculas da Amazônia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.

Journal of Molecular Modeling
|April 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals flavonol as the most potent antioxidant structure among flavonoids. Key factors for antioxidant activity include spin density, electron abstraction favoring groups like hydroxyl, and the π-electron system.

More Related Videos

Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
07:12

Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

Published on: July 17, 2020

Quantitative Analysis of Dietary Vitamin A Metabolites in Murine Ocular and Non-Ocular Tissues Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
05:03

Quantitative Analysis of Dietary Vitamin A Metabolites in Murine Ocular and Non-Ocular Tissues Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Published on: December 27, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade
09:50

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade

Published on: August 14, 2019

Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
07:12

Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions

Published on: July 17, 2020

Quantitative Analysis of Dietary Vitamin A Metabolites in Murine Ocular and Non-Ocular Tissues Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
05:03

Quantitative Analysis of Dietary Vitamin A Metabolites in Murine Ocular and Non-Ocular Tissues Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Published on: December 27, 2024

Area of Science:

  • * Computational Chemistry
  • * Medicinal Chemistry
  • * Molecular Modeling

Background:

  • * Flavonoids are a diverse class of natural compounds with known antioxidant properties.
  • * Understanding the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of flavonoids is crucial for developing new antioxidants.
  • * Quantum chemistry methods offer a powerful approach to investigate molecular properties related to antioxidant activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the antioxidant structure-activity relationships of ten flavonoid compounds.
  • * To identify key structural features contributing to the antioxidant potential of flavonoids using computational methods.
  • * To determine the most effective antioxidant nucleus within the studied flavonoid structures.

Main Methods:

  • * Utilized quantum chemistry calculations, specifically Density Functional Theory (DFT) with the B3LYP/6-31G(d) method.
  • * Analyzed geometric structures, Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) energies, ionization potentials, stabilization energies, and spin density distributions.
  • * Evaluated the contribution of various structural moieties to the overall antioxidant capacity.

Main Results:

  • * The flavonol nucleus was identified as the most significant antioxidant component.
  • * Spin density distribution was found to be a critical determinant for free radical stability.
  • * The presence of an ether group and a 3-hydroxyl group favored electron abstraction, enhancing antioxidant activity.
  • * 3-hydroxyflavone emerged as the fundamental antioxidant structure for the simplified flavonoids studied.

Conclusions:

  • * Flavonol structures possess superior antioxidant properties compared to other studied flavonoids.
  • * Spin density and electron-donating groups (ether, 3-hydroxyl) are key drivers of antioxidant activity.
  • * The π-electron system, indicated by resonance structures, and the 2,3-double bond/carbonyl moiety play supporting, but not essential, roles.