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Related Concept Videos

Production of Formed Elements01:34

Production of Formed Elements

Hemangioblasts are multipotent stem cells originating from the mesoderm. They give rise to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which undergo hematopoiesis to produce all the formed elements of blood. This process is regulated by a complex network of hematopoietic growth factors, including transcription factors, growth factors, and cytokines. These factors stimulate the HSCs to divide and differentiate, though some HSCs remain undifferentiated to maintain a self-renewing pool.
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Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells01:15

Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:19

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
Hematopoiesis01:21

Hematopoiesis

The process of blood cell formation is called hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis starts early during development, on the seventh day of embryogenesis. This phase of hematopoiesis is called the primitive wave, wherein the extraembryonic yolk sac allows the production of erythroid cells and endothelial cells from a common precursor called hemangioblast. The erythroid cells provide oxygen to support the growth of the rapidly dividing embryo. Hemangioblasts later develop into hematopoietic stem cells or...
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Overview of the Vascular System

The vascular system comprises an extensive network of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The vascular system can be broadly divided into the blood and lymphatic systems. Typically, blood vessels can be categorized into three histological regions: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima consists of a single layer of endothelial cells attached to the basal lamina. Underlying the basal lamina is a connective tissue layer and an elastic lamina that gives stability and...

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Updated: May 22, 2026

Isolation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells from Healthy Volunteers and Their Migratory Potential Influenced by Serum Samples After Cardiac Surgery
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Circulating endothelial cells and circulating endothelial progenitors.

Patrizia Mancuso1, Angelica Calleri, Francesco Bertolini

  • 1Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.

Recent Results in Cancer Research. Fortschritte Der Krebsforschung. Progres Dans Les Recherches Sur Le Cancer
|April 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and circulating endothelial progenitors (CEPs) are key in cancer progression. Standardizing their detection is crucial for using them as biomarkers in oncology clinical trials.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and circulating endothelial progenitors (CEPs) are investigated for their roles in cancer and metastasis.
  • CECs may predict response to anti-angiogenic therapies.
  • CEPs appear to influence cancer progression and recurrence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of defining CEC and CEP phenotypes.
  • To emphasize the need for standardizing CEC and CEP enumeration procedures.
  • To facilitate their use as reliable biomarkers in oncology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical and clinical data on CECs and CEPs.
  • Analysis of the potential clinical utility of CEC and CEP enumeration.
  • Discussion of challenges in current methodologies.

Main Results:

  • CEC enumeration shows potential for patient stratification in anti-angiogenic treatment.
  • CEPs play a significant role in cancer progression and post-therapy recurrence.
  • Current methods for CEC and CEP identification and quantification lack standardization.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized definitions and enumeration methods for CECs and CEPs are essential.
  • These standardized approaches will enable their use as predictive biomarkers in clinical trials.
  • Consistent methodologies are required for comparing results across different oncology studies.