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Updated: May 22, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
Published on: March 12, 2021
Non-orthopaedic causes of shoulder pain: what the shoulder expert must remember
Nicola Lollino1, Paola Rita Brunocilla, Fabio Poglio
1E Agnelli Hospital, Via Brigata Cagliari 39, 10064 Pinerolo, Turin, Italy. n.lollino@libero.it
Abstract:
Aim of this review is to underline some specific patterns of shoulder pain that are not related to musculoskeletal diseases but are manifestations of gastrointestinal, neurological, cardiological or rheumatological diseases. The most important pathologies (like gallstones, myocardial ischaemia and Parsonage-Turner syndrome...) that can manifest with shoulder pain will be presented by specialty doctors and elements for differential diagnosis will be discussed. Orthopaedic shoulder surgeons should always suspect other causes of pain, different from those related to bone, tendons and joint. If there is something unfair, patients should be referred to family doctor for further investigations in order to exclude major systemic diseases.
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