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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation

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Cell size is a significant factor impacting cellular design, function, and fitness. There exists some internal coordination by which cells double their masses before division, thus, achieving homeostasis. Coordination between cell growth and proliferation depends on the checkpoints in between cell cycle phases. Loss of coordination or failure in the checkpoint mechanism can drive the cell to uncontrolled growth and loss of cellular function. Like dividing cells that coordinate cellular growth,...

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols

Published on: June 6, 2017

Serum starvation induced cell cycle synchronization facilitates human somatic cells reprogramming.

Mengfei Chen¹, Jingjing Huang, Xuejiao Yang

¹State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.

|April 25, 2012

Summary

Synchronizing cell cycles using serum starvation significantly enhances retroviral infection efficiency for human cells. This method boosts reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by promoting mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition.

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Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

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Published on: July 30, 2016

Area of Science:

Stem Cell Biology
Regenerative Medicine
Epigenetics

Background:

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are crucial for disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
Current reprogramming efficiency of human adult cells remains a significant limitation.
Cell cycle progression is recognized as a critical factor influencing epigenetic reprogramming to pluripotency.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effect of cell cycle synchronization on retrovirus-mediated reprogramming efficiency in human cells.
To explore whether transient serum starvation can improve the reprogramming process.

Main Methods:

Utilized transient serum starvation to induce reversible cell cycle arrest in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and adipose stem cells (ASC).
Analyzed cell cycle progression post-release from starvation.
Assessed retroviral infection efficiency, cell morphology, epithelial marker expression, and Nanog-positive clone generation.

Main Results:

Serum starvation effectively synchronized cells in the G2/M phase, substantially improving retroviral infection efficiency.
Synchronized cells displayed a more homogenous epithelial morphology and activated expression of E-cadherin and Epcam.
Synchronization treatment led to a 15-20 fold increase in Nanog-positive clones.

Conclusions:

Cell cycle synchronization, induced by serum starvation, promotes mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET).
This synchronization facilitates retrovirus-mediated reprogramming, significantly enhancing the generation of iPSCs.
Serum starvation offers a chemical-free method for cell cycle regulation to improve induced reprogramming.