Reverse vesicle formation from the yeast glycolipid biosurfactant mannosylerythritol lipid-D

Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are secreted by yeasts and are promising glycolipid biosurfactants. In our study on the non-aqueous phase behaviors of MEL homologues, we found that MEL-D (4-O-[2',3'-di-O-alka(e)noyl-β-D-mannopyranosyl]-(2R,3S)-erythritol) forms aggregates in decane. The microscopic observation and the X-ray scattering measurement of these aggregates revealed that they are reverse vesicles that consist of bilayers whose hydrophilic domains are located in the interior of the bilayers. In addition, MEL-D formed reverse vesicles without co-surfactants and co-solvents in various oily solutions, such as n-alkanes, cyclohexane, squalane, squalene, and silicone oils at a concentration below 10 mM. This is the first report on the reverse vesicle formation from biosurfactants.