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Related Concept Videos

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control01:24

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control

Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
The design of phase-lead control involves the strategic placement of poles and zeros to balance steady-state error and system...
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control01:21

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control

Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
Phase-lag controllers do not place a pole at zero, but instead influence the steady-state error by amplifying any finite,...
Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers01:22

Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers

Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass filters, manage...
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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...

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Related Experiment Video

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Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
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Published on: May 30, 2014

Highly integrated optical heterodyne phase-locked loop with phase/frequency detection.

Mingzhi Lu1, Hyunchul Park, Eli Bloch

  • 1ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA. mlu@ece.ucsb.edu

Optics Express
|April 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces the first highly-integrated optical phase-locked loop using a digital phase/frequency detector and single-sideband mixer (SSBM). This photonic integrated circuit (PIC) enables novel single-sideband heterodyne locking capabilities.

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics
  • Integrated Optics
  • Optical Communications

Background:

  • Optical phase-locked loops (OPLLs) are crucial for coherent optical systems.
  • Existing OPLLs often lack high integration and advanced functionalities.
  • The need for compact and versatile optical frequency control is increasing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and demonstrate a novel, highly-integrated optical phase-locked loop.
  • To integrate key components onto a single photonic integrated circuit (PIC) and electronic IC (EIC).
  • To achieve single-sideband heterodyne locking over a wide frequency range.

Main Methods:

  • Design, fabrication, and testing of a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) on an InGaAsP/InP platform.
  • Integration of a tunable sampled-grating distributed-Bragg-reflector laser, optical 90-degree hybrid, and photodetectors.
  • Incorporation of a single-sideband mixer (SSBM) and digital phase/frequency detector in an electronic IC (EIC).

Main Results:

  • Successful demonstration of a highly-integrated optical phase-locked loop for the first time.
  • Achieved single-sideband heterodyne locking across a frequency range of -9 GHz to 7.5 GHz.
  • Operated with a loop bandwidth of 400 MHz.

Conclusions:

  • The developed PIC and EIC represent a significant advancement in integrated optical systems.
  • This technology enables versatile and high-performance optical frequency control.
  • The highly-integrated OPLL is suitable for advanced optical communication and signal processing applications.