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Related Concept Videos

Depression: Overview01:18

Depression: Overview

Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Meta-analysis of Voxel-Based Neuroimaging Studies using Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images (SDM-PSI)
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Gray matter differences between healthy and depressed adolescents: a voxel-based morphometry study.

Mujeeb U Shad1, Srirangam Muddasani, Uma Rao

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA. mujeeb.u.shad@uth.tmc.edu

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology
|April 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adolescent depression is linked to reduced gray matter volume in key brain areas like the frontal lobe and striatum. These structural changes may be present early in major depressive disorder (MDD).

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Major depressive disorder (MDD) often emerges in adolescence, causing significant disability.
  • Understanding the neurobiology of adolescent depression is crucial for effective interventions.
  • Current knowledge of adolescent depression's neurobiological underpinnings is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neurobiological differences in adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD).
  • To compare brain structure, specifically gray and white matter volumes, between depressed adolescents and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Employed voxel-based morphometry to analyze brain structure.
  • Compared gray and white matter volumes in 22 adolescents with MDD and 22 age/gender-matched controls.

Main Results:

  • Adolescents with MDD exhibited smaller gray matter volumes in the frontal lobe and bilateral caudate nucleus.
  • Reduced gray matter volume was also observed in the right superior and middle temporal gyri in depressed adolescents.
  • No significant differences in white matter volume were found between the groups.

Conclusions:

  • Findings indicate gray matter abnormalities in frontolimbic areas and the striatum in adolescents with MDD.
  • These structural changes in depressed adolescents align with findings in depressed adults.
  • Suggests that these brain structural alterations may be present at the earliest stages of depressive illness.