Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Huntington Disease l: Introduction01:21

Huntington Disease l: Introduction

Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show reduced penetrance,...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...
Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Treatment burden and health-related quality of life in young adults with type 1 diabetes.

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association·2026
Same author

Comparing the temporal pattern of symptom change across multiple treatments for depression.

Journal of affective disorders·2026
Same author

The Metabolomic Signature of Stressful Life Events.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

From promise to practice: showcasing the perceived clinical utility of idiographic networks for eating disorders with complex post-traumatic sequelae.

Journal of eating disorders·2026
Same author

Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Network Analysis.

Depression and anxiety·2026
Same author

'Touch hunger': trajectory and predictors of longing for physical contact during the COVID-19 pandemic in people with and without depressive, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorders.

Journal of psychiatric research·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Single Synapse Indicators of Glutamate Release and Uptake in Acute Brain Slices from Normal and Huntington Mice
08:27

Single Synapse Indicators of Glutamate Release and Uptake in Acute Brain Slices from Normal and Huntington Mice

Published on: March 11, 2020

Irritability in Huntington's disease.

Nanda Reedeker1, Jos A Bouwens, Erik J Giltay

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.

Psychiatry Research
|April 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Irritability is common in Huntington's disease (HD). The Irritability Scale (IS) reliably identifies irritability in HD patients with a score of 14 or higher, aiding clinical assessment.

More Related Videos

Fractionation for Resolution of Soluble and Insoluble Huntingtin Species
07:08

Fractionation for Resolution of Soluble and Insoluble Huntingtin Species

Published on: February 27, 2018

Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
06:45

Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 4, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Single Synapse Indicators of Glutamate Release and Uptake in Acute Brain Slices from Normal and Huntington Mice
08:27

Single Synapse Indicators of Glutamate Release and Uptake in Acute Brain Slices from Normal and Huntington Mice

Published on: March 11, 2020

Fractionation for Resolution of Soluble and Insoluble Huntingtin Species
07:08

Fractionation for Resolution of Soluble and Insoluble Huntingtin Species

Published on: February 27, 2018

Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
06:45

Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 4, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Irritability is a frequent neuropsychiatric symptom in Huntington's disease (HD).
  • Accurate assessment of irritability is crucial for managing HD patients.
  • Existing assessment tools require validation in the HD population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate the Irritability Scale (IS) for assessing irritability in Huntington's disease (HD).
  • To establish a reliable cut-off score for the IS in HD patients.
  • To identify correlates of irritability in individuals with HD.

Main Methods:

  • The Irritability Scale (IS) and Problem Behaviours Assessment (PBA) irritability factor were administered to 130 HD mutation carriers and 43 non-carriers.
  • Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine the optimal IS cut-off score.
  • Univariate and multivariate regression analyses identified correlates of irritability.

Main Results:

  • A robust IS cut-off score of ≥14 reliably identified irritability in HD patients (35% vs. 9% in non-carriers, P=0.001).
  • Moderate agreement was observed between self-report and informant-report IS scores (intraclass correlation=0.61).
  • Independent correlates of irritability included being married/living together, CAG repeat length, and benzodiazepine use.

Conclusions:

  • The Irritability Scale (IS) is a reliable tool for assessing irritability in Huntington's disease (HD) with a cut-off score of ≥14.
  • Benzodiazepine use is a significant correlate of irritability in HD, warranting clinical attention.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between benzodiazepine use and irritability in HD.