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Related Concept Videos

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
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Cell type-specific eQTLs in the human immune system.

Peter K Gregersen1

  • 1Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, USA. peterg@nshs.edu

Nature Genetics
|April 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers mapped gene expression in immune cells, discovering cell type-specific expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). This reveals cell-specific regulatory networks crucial for understanding complex human diseases.

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06:15

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Published on: September 7, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Gene expression varies across different cell types.
  • Understanding cell type-specific gene regulation is key to deciphering complex human diseases.
  • Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) link genetic variations to gene expression levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To map gene expression and identify cell type-specific cis and trans expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in primary immune cells.
  • To characterize cell type-specific trans-regulated networks.
  • To provide insights for functional studies of genome-wide association study (GWAS) loci.

Main Methods:

  • Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) for gene expression profiling.
  • Computational analysis to identify cis- and trans-eQTLs.
  • Network analysis to identify cell type-specific regulatory interactions.

Main Results:

  • Successfully mapped gene expression across diverse primary immune cell subsets.
  • Identified numerous cell type-specific cis-eQTLs.
  • Discovered novel cell type-specific trans-eQTLs and associated regulatory networks.

Conclusions:

  • Gene expression regulation is highly cell type-specific within the immune system.
  • Cell type-specific trans-regulatory networks offer new avenues for investigating disease mechanisms.
  • These findings facilitate the functional interpretation of genetic variants associated with complex diseases.