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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Real-time Live Imaging of T-cell Signaling Complex Formation

Real-time Live Imaging of T-cell Signaling Complex Formation

Published on: June 23, 2013

A proteomic view at T cell costimulation.

Rudolf Lichtenfels¹, Gunter Rappl, Andreas A Hombach

¹Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.

|April 28, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

T cell activation requires signals from the T cell receptor (TCR) and CD28. This study mapped global proteome changes during TCR/CD28 activation, identifying proteins involved in metabolism, cytoskeleton, and signal transduction.

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Identification of Mediators of T-cell Receptor Signaling via the Screening of Chemical Inhibitor Libraries

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Published on: January 22, 2019

Area of Science:

Immunology
Proteomics

Background:

T cell activation is crucial for adaptive immunity.
The two-signal paradigm, involving T cell receptor (TCR) and costimulatory CD28 signals, is essential for T cell effector functions.
Global proteome changes during combined TCR/CD28 signaling remain largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

To comprehensively analyze global proteome alterations during T cell activation mediated by both TCR and CD28 signaling.
To identify key proteins and pathways affected by simultaneous TCR and CD28 engagement.

Main Methods:

Comparative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) proteome analysis.
Stimulation of resting T cells with agonistic anti-CD3 (mimicking TCR signal 1) and anti-CD28 (mimicking signal 2) antibodies.
Verification of differentially expressed proteins using flow cytometry.

Main Results:

Identified differentially expressed proteins involved in cellular metabolism, cytoskeleton dynamics, and signal transduction pathways.
Specific proteins like calmodulin (CALM), GAPDH, LDH, GDIR2, and CXCL7 showed significant alterations.
Provided a detailed proteomic map of T cell activation.

Conclusions:

TCR/CD28-mediated T cell activation induces significant global proteome changes.
These changes impact fundamental cellular processes including metabolism, cytoskeletal organization, and signal transduction.
The findings offer insights into the molecular mechanisms governing T cell responses.