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Related Concept Videos

Resistance01:19

Resistance

When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
Non-ohmic Devices00:51

Non-ohmic Devices

In most substances, the current flow is proportional to the voltage applied to it. A simple relationship between the values of current, voltage, and resistance is known as Ohm's law. Nonohmic devices do not exhibit a linear relationship between voltage and current. One such device is the semiconducting circuit element known as a diode. A diode is a circuit device that allows current flow in only one direction.
Consider a simple circuit consisting of a battery, a diode, and a resistor. A diode...
Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast, controlled...
Resistivity01:22

Resistivity

When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
Resistors In Series01:10

Resistors In Series

A resistor is an ohmic device that limits the flow of charge in a circuit. Most circuits have more than one resistor. If several resistors are connected together and connected to a battery, the current supplied by the battery depends on the equivalent resistance of the circuit. The equivalent resistance of a combination of resistors depends on both their individual values and how they are connected. The simplest combination of resistors is the series combination.
In a series circuit, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms
08:46

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

Published on: December 9, 2015

[Resistance studies: when are they indicated?].

M Angeles Marcos1

  • 1Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, España. mmarcos@clinic.ub.es

Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Microbiologia Clinica
|May 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) drug resistance is a growing concern due to viral mutations. Early detection of resistance, particularly UL97 and UL54 mutations, is crucial for effective treatment and preventing multi-drug resistance.

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Context:

  • Antiviral drug resistance in Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an increasing clinical challenge.
  • Resistance arises from mutations in the CMV genome, affecting all antiviral agents, with ganciclovir resistance being most studied.
  • Risk factors include lack of immunity, specific transplant types, high viral loads, and prolonged/suboptimal antiviral exposure.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the emerging problem of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) antiviral drug resistance.
  • To identify risk factors and clinical indicators for suspecting CMV resistance.
  • To emphasize the importance of early detection and confirmation of resistance mutations.

Summary:

  • CMV resistance develops through mutations, primarily in UL97 (ganciclovir resistance) and UL54 genes, with combined mutations leading to high-grade, multi-drug resistance.
  • Suspect resistance if viral load increases or disease progresses despite 2 weeks of adequate treatment.
  • Phenotypic and genotypic testing are required for confirmation; alternative antivirals like foscarnet and cidofovir may be used.

Impact:

  • Early detection of CMV resistance is essential to prevent poor clinical outcomes and the development of multi-drug resistant strains.
  • Investigating plasma drug levels and immune status is important for patients with slow responses lacking resistance mutations.
  • Understanding resistance mechanisms guides therapeutic strategies and improves patient management in CMV infections.