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Related Concept Videos

Normal Strain under Axial Loading01:20

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Normal strain under axial loading is an important concept in the field of mechanics of materials. Axial loading implies the application of a force along the axis of a material, like a column or bar. This force can either compress or stretch the material. In the context of axial loading, normal strain is the deformation experienced by the material in the direction of the loading force. It's calculated as the change in length divided by the original length of the material. This unitless ratio...
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The loudness of a sound source is related to how energetically the source is vibrating, consequently making the molecules of the propagation medium vibrate. To measure the loudness of a source, the physical quantity of interest is the intensity. This is defined as the energy emitted per unit of time per unit of area perpendicular to the sound wave's propagation direction. Since the total energy is greater if the source vibrates for a longer duration and over a larger area, dividing the...
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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Ultrasound Tissue Characterization of Human Achilles Tendon by Stability Quantification of Echo Patterns
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Published on: September 5, 2025

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Strain-induced damage reduces echo intensity changes in tendon during loading.

Sarah Duenwald-Kuehl1, Roderic Lakes, Ray Vanderby

  • 1Department of Orthopedics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.

Journal of Biomechanics
|May 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study shows that overstretching tendons reduces their mechanical strength and alters their biomechanical behavior. Ultrasound echo intensity changes can noninvasively measure this tendon damage.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Tendon functionality relies on mechanical properties.
  • Tendon damage compromises function and can lead to failure.
  • Noninvasive methods are needed to quantify tendon damage and track healing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between tendon mechanical properties and ultrasound echo intensity after induced damage.
  • To assess the potential of ultrasound as a noninvasive tool for evaluating tendon injury.

Main Methods:

  • Tendon mechanics were measured using a traditional mechanical test system before and after overstretch injury.
  • Clinical ultrasound was used to record ultrasonic echo intensity during mechanical testing.
  • Overstretch was induced by exceeding the tissue's elastic limit.

Main Results:

  • Overstretch reduced stress at a given strain and decreased viscoelastic response.
  • Ultrasonic echo intensity changes during stress relaxation and cyclic testing were lowered post-injury.
  • Increased overstretch strain correlated with decreased stress levels and echo intensity changes.

Conclusions:

  • Diffuse tendon damage from overstretch alters mechanical properties and reduces viscoelasticity.
  • Ultrasound echo intensity changes reflect mechanical damage in tendons.
  • Ultrasound shows promise as a noninvasive method for assessing tendon structural integrity and injury.