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Diabetic Retinopathy

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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Enrichment of Bruch's Membrane from Human Donor Eyes

Enrichment of Bruch's Membrane from Human Donor Eyes

Published on: November 15, 2015

WITHDRAWN: Complement dysregulation in AMD: RPE-Bruch's membrane-choroid.

Janet R Sparrow¹, Keiko Ueda, Jilin Zhou

¹Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.

Molecular Aspects of Medicine

|May 1, 2012

Summary

This article is a duplicate and has been withdrawn due to accidental duplication of previously published content. It is not a new study and should not be cited.

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Area of Science:

Scientific publishing ethics
Retracted publications

Background:

Accidental duplication of research articles can occur.
Ensuring the integrity of the scientific record is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To inform readers about a withdrawn article.
To maintain the accuracy of published scientific literature.

Main Methods:

Identification of duplicate publication.
Publisher's decision to withdraw the article.

Main Results:

The article is an accidental duplication.
The article has been withdrawn by the publisher.

Conclusions:

Readers should disregard the withdrawn article.
The original publication remains the authoritative source.