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Related Concept Videos

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
Primary Active Transport01:29

Primary Active Transport

In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would not...
Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they...
Secondary Active Transport01:32

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
Secondary Active Transport01:32

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...

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Application of Electrophysiology Measurement to Study the Activity of Electro-Neutral Transporters
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Published on: February 3, 2018

The second sodium pump: from the function to the gene.

Miguel A Rocafull1, Luz E Thomas, Jesús R del Castillo

  • 1Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela.

Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology
|May 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The second sodium pump, Na(+)-ATPase, is identified as a unique protein crucial for transepithelial sodium transport and cellular sodium balance. This discovery offers new insights into its role in health and diseases like hypertension.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Physiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Transepithelial sodium transport involves passive luminal entry and active basolateral exit via Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and a second, less-defined sodium pump.
  • The second sodium pump, a Na(+)-ATPase, was historically uncharacterized but recently identified through purification and cloning of its intestinal α-subunit.
  • The Na(+)-ATPase gene (atna) and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase gene share a locus but have distinct regulatory elements and exons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the functional aspects of the Na(+)-ATPase (second sodium pump).
  • To investigate the role of Na(+)-ATPase in transepithelial transport under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
  • To explore the molecular structure and regulatory mechanisms of Na(+)-ATPase.

Main Methods:

  • Purification and cloning of the intestinal α-subunit of Na(+)-ATPase from guinea pig.
  • Bioinformatic analysis of the Na(+)-ATPase gene (atna) to predict tertiary structure and promoter regulatory sites.
  • Experimental studies using spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Main Results:

  • The Na(+)-ATPase was defined as a unique biochemical and molecular entity.
  • Bioinformatic analysis predicted potential regulatory sites in the atna gene linked to inflammation and cellular stress, and identified a human ortholog.
  • Experimental data suggest a role for Na(+)-ATPase in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.

Conclusions:

  • The Na(+)-ATPase is a critical component of transepithelial sodium transport and cellular sodium homeostasis.
  • Identification of the Na(+)-ATPase provides a new molecular target for understanding and potentially treating diseases involving sodium imbalance.
  • Further research into Na(+)-ATPase function and regulation is warranted given its implications in hypertension and other conditions.