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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Transcriptome of protoplasts reprogrammed into stem cells in Physcomitrella patens.

Lihong Xiao1, Liechi Zhang, Ge Yang

  • 1College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.

Plos One
|May 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Plant cell reprogramming to stem cells was studied in Physcomitrella patens protoplasts. Gene expression analysis revealed key genes and pathways involved in this early-stage plant regeneration process.

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Efficient Polyethylene Glycol PEG Mediated Transformation of the Moss Physcomitrella patens
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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Cellular reprogramming
  • Moss regeneration

Background:

  • Differentiated plant cells can revert to pluripotent stem cells.
  • Reprogramming involves cell cycle reactivation and specific cellular changes.
  • Molecular mechanisms of plant protoplast reprogramming are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms of protoplast reprogramming in Physcomitrella patens.
  • To identify key genes and pathways involved in early-stage reprogramming.
  • To establish P. patens protoplasts as a model system for studying plant cell reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide digital gene expression profiling of P. patens protoplasts.
  • Analysis of gene expression changes at four time-points during reprogramming.
  • Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs).
  • K-means clustering to group DEGs based on expression patterns.

Main Results:

  • Over 4800 genes showed significant expression changes during reprogramming.
  • Enriched GO terms and pathways related to photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and stress responses were identified.
  • Six distinct clusters of DEGs with specific expression patterns were determined.
  • Key candidate genes and pathways crucial for early reprogramming stages were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Identified genes with dynamic expression changes during protoplast reprogramming.
  • These genes are potential targets for understanding stem cell reprogramming mechanisms.
  • P. patens protoplasts serve as an effective model for studying differentiated plant cell reprogramming.