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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Standardized Data Acquisition for Neuromelanin-Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Substantia Nigra
05:14

Standardized Data Acquisition for Neuromelanin-Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Substantia Nigra

Published on: September 8, 2021

Revisiting thyroid hormones in schizophrenia.

Nadine Correia Santos1, Patrício Costa, Dina Ruano

  • 1Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.

Journal of Thyroid Research
|May 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormone deregulation is common in schizophrenia, affecting brain development and neurotransmitter systems. Further research is needed to understand thyroid hormone homeostasis

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Standardized Data Acquisition for Neuromelanin-Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Substantia Nigra
05:14

Standardized Data Acquisition for Neuromelanin-Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Substantia Nigra

Published on: September 8, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones are vital for brain development and function.
  • Alterations in thyroid hormone levels can influence psychiatric disorders and treatment outcomes.
  • Schizophrenia pathophysiology involves complex neurobiological changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review research on thyroid function in schizophrenia.
  • To explore the relationship between the pituitary-thyroid axis and neurochemical systems implicated in schizophrenia.
  • To examine the role of thyroid hormones in myelination and inflammation in schizophrenia.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies assessing thyroid function in schizophrenia patients.
  • Analysis of research linking the pituitary-thyroid axis to major neurotransmitter systems (serotonergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic).
  • Inclusion of studies investigating thyroid hormones' impact on myelination and inflammatory processes.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid hormone deregulation is a frequent finding in schizophrenia.
  • Evidence suggests interactions between thyroid hormones and key neurotransmitter networks.
  • Thyroid hormone homeostasis may influence myelination and neuroinflammation relevant to schizophrenia.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormone dysregulation is a common characteristic of schizophrenia.
  • The role of thyroid hormones in modulating brain networks in schizophrenia requires further investigation.
  • Understanding thyroid hormone's impact on neurobiological pathways is crucial for schizophrenia research.