Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Storage01:23

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...
Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Mnemonic Devices01:23

Mnemonic Devices

Mnemonic devices are cognitive tools that facilitate memory retention by linking new information to familiar patterns or organizational strategies. These techniques are beneficial for remembering complex or lengthy sets of information by simplifying and structuring them in easily retrievable ways.
Acronyms
Acronyms are created by using the initial letters of a series of words to form a new word or phrase. This approach condenses complex information into a single, memorable entity. For example,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Examining speech motor planning difficulties in apraxia of speech and aphasia via the sequential production of phonetically similar words.

Cognitive neuropsychology·2020
Same author

Speech motor planning in the context of phonetically similar words: Evidence from apraxia of speech and aphasia.

Neuropsychologia·2019
Same author

Is the L2 lexicon different from the L1 lexicon? Evidence from novel word lexicalization.

Cognition·2016
Same author

A behavioral database for masked form priming.

Behavior research methods·2014
Same author

Novel word lexicalization and the prime lexicality effect.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2012
Same author

Dynamic adaptation to history of trial difficulty explains the effect of congruency proportion on masked priming.

Journal of experimental psychology. General·2011

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

How L2 words are stored: the episodic L2 hypothesis.

Naoko Ouchi Witzel1, Kenneth I Forster

  • 1Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, USA. naoko@uta.edu

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|May 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Second language (L2) words are represented in episodic memory, according to three experiments. Findings support the hypothesis that L2 word representations are stored in episodic memory, impacting bilingual language processing.

More Related Videos

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition
12:49

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition

Published on: July 13, 2019

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
05:15

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition
12:49

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition

Published on: July 13, 2019

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
05:15

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Neuroscience of Language

Background:

  • The representation of second language (L2) words in memory is a key question in psycholinguistics.
  • Jiang and Forster (2001) proposed that L2 words are stored in episodic memory.
  • Previous research has yielded mixed results regarding L2 word representation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether second language (L2) words are represented in episodic memory.
  • To examine the role of episodic memory in bilingual lexical processing.
  • To clarify the nature of L2 word representations in highly proficient bilinguals.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted using masked translation priming and masked repetition priming.
  • Tasks included episodic recognition and lexical decision.
  • Participants were highly proficient Chinese-English bilinguals and native English speakers.

Main Results:

  • Masked translation priming from L2 to L1 was observed in an episodic recognition task, but not in a lexical decision task.
  • Recently learned L2 words primed their L1 translations in episodic recognition.
  • Repetition priming for new L2 words in an episodic recognition task indicated episodic representation.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support the hypothesis that L2 words are represented in episodic memory.
  • Episodic memory plays a significant role in how bilinguals process their second language.
  • Differences in priming effects between episodic recognition and lexical decision tasks highlight distinct memory systems involved in L2 processing.