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Related Concept Videos

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a significant...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are typically...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine
07:00

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

Published on: February 26, 2019

Update on incretin hormones.

Liza K Phillips1, Johannes B Prins

  • 1Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|May 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Incretin hormones like GLP-1 and GIP regulate blood sugar. GLP-1 based therapies show promise for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) management, offering benefits like weight loss and minimal hypoglycemia, though long-term safety requires further study.

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Mixed Primary Cultures of Murine Small Intestine Intended for the Study of Gut Hormone Secretion and Live Cell Imaging of Enteroendocrine Cells
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Important Endpoints and Proliferative Markers to Assess Small Intestinal Injury and Adaptation using a Mouse Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Incretin hormones, glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are released post-nutrient ingestion.
  • These hormones enhance insulin secretion and modulate glucose homeostasis, with GLP-1 also affecting gastric emptying and glucagon release.
  • Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is linked to impaired incretin function, though GLP-1's therapeutic effects remain largely preserved.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge of incretin biology.
  • To summarize data on incretin-based treatments for T2DM.
  • To delineate differences between GLP-1 agonists and dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) in T2DM therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of incretin biology and T2DM treatments.
  • Analysis of existing clinical data on GLP-1 agonists and DPP4 inhibitors.
  • Comparative assessment of extrapancreatic actions and therapeutic outcomes.

Main Results:

  • GLP-1 agonists and DPP4 inhibitors represent key incretin-based T2DM therapies.
  • GLP-1 agonists are associated with weight loss and minimal hypoglycemia.
  • While GIP treatment is ineffective in T2DM, GLP-1's therapeutic actions are preserved.

Conclusions:

  • Incretin-based therapies offer significant benefits for T2DM management, including improved glycemic control and potential cardiovascular advantages.
  • Differences in extrapancreatic effects exist between GLP-1 and GIP.
  • Long-term safety data for incretin-based agents are still under investigation, necessitating continued research.