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Visual cues from other locusts, not just smell, trigger color changes in locusts. Seeing more locusts intensifies these gregarious color patterns and shifts body shape.

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Area of Science:

  • Animal behavior
  • Insect physiology
  • Chemical ecology

Background:

  • Locusts exhibit phase polyphenism, changing color and behavior in response to crowding.
  • Previous research focused on olfactory and tactile stimuli, often overlooking visual cues and substrate color.
  • Understanding the triggers for gregarious coloration is crucial for predicting locust outbreaks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of visual, olfactory, and tactile stimuli in inducing gregarious body coloration in Schistocerca gregaria nymphs.
  • To determine the impact of substrate color and sensory modality on the development of black patterns.
  • To explore the influence of the number of conspecifics and heterospecific visual stimuli on morphometric changes.

Main Methods:

  • Isolated-reared Schistocerca gregaria nymphs were exposed to various sensory stimuli in yellow-green cups.
  • Experiments involved olfactory, visual (live conspecifics/heterospecifics, movies), and tactile stimuli.
  • Body coloration and a morphometric ratio (hind femur length/head width) were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory stimuli alone had minimal effect on inducing black patterns in visually isolated nymphs.
  • Visual stimuli from other locusts effectively induced black patterns, with intensity increasing with the number of locusts.
  • Seeing 5-10 locusts shifted morphometric ratios towards gregarious forms; movies of locusts, crickets, and tadpoles also induced black patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Visual stimuli are a primary driver of gregarious coloration in Schistocerca gregaria, more so than olfactory cues.
  • The number of visually perceived conspecifics significantly influences the degree of color change and morphometric shifts.
  • Ontogenetic stage and experimental design may explain discrepancies in previous studies on locust phase transition.