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Related Concept Videos

States of Water01:23

States of Water

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
The Water Cycle01:00

The Water Cycle

The Earth’s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, the cycling of water is extremely important to ecosystem dynamics.
Water and Mineral Acquisition02:34

Water and Mineral Acquisition

Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
Tonicity in Plants00:53

Tonicity in Plants

Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity delimits the magnitude and direction of osmosis and results in three possible scenarios that alter the volume of a cell: hypertonicity, hypotonicity, and isotonicity. Due to differences in structure and physiology, tonicity of plant cells is different from that of animal cells in some scenarios.
Tonicity in Plants01:20

Tonicity in Plants

Plant cells maintain appropriate osmotic balance in extreme conditions. For instance, plants in dry environments store water in vacuoles, limit the opening of their stoma, and have thick, waxy cuticles to prevent unnecessary water loss. Some species of plants that live in salty environments store salt in their roots. As a result, water osmosis occurs in the root from the surrounding soil.
Tonicity
Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water depending on the solute...
Acceleration due to Gravity on Other Planets01:24

Acceleration due to Gravity on Other Planets

The gravitational acceleration of an object near the Earth's surface is called the acceleration due to gravity. It can be measured by conducting simple experiments on Earth. However, such an experiment is impossible to conduct on the surface of other planets.
Astronomical observations are thus used to measure the acceleration due to gravity on other planets. This can be determined by observing the effect of a planet's gravity on objects close to it. The crucial factor that helps in this...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves
06:48

Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves

Published on: May 10, 2020

Water in exoplanets.

Giovanna Tinetti1, Jonathan Tennyson, Caitlin A Griffith

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. g.tinetti@acl.ac.uk

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|May 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Water has been detected in exoplanet atmospheres, including cooler, smaller planets. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and understand water

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Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory
06:04

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

Published on: November 15, 2013

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves
06:48

Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves

Published on: May 10, 2020

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory
06:04

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

Published on: November 15, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Exoplanetary science
  • Atmospheric characterization
  • Astrochemistry

Background:

  • Exoplanets are increasingly being discovered, prompting research into their atmospheres.
  • Water is a critical molecule for assessing exoplanet habitability.
  • Current technology allows for the analysis of exoplanets like Gliese 1214b.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current observations of water in exoplanet atmospheres.
  • To discuss controversies in interpreting these observations.
  • To identify needs for future research and data.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing observational data from ground and space-based telescopes.
  • Analysis of radiative transfer models and molecular line lists.
  • Examination of data on pressure broadening of water transitions.

Main Results:

  • Water vapor, methane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide have been detected in exoplanet atmospheres.
  • Observations of water in exoplanets are considered robust.
  • Discrepancies in interpretation exist, particularly for cooler, smaller planets.

Conclusions:

  • Water detections in exoplanets are largely confirmed.
  • Further high-quality observational data from future space missions are required for definitive confirmation.
  • Improved data on pressure broadening of water transitions at high temperatures is necessary.