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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Hepatitis E.

Nassim Kamar1, Richard Bendall2, Florence Legrand-Abravanel3

  • 1Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Organ Transplantation, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan, Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.

Lancet (London, England)
|May 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a common cause of acute viral hepatitis globally, was discovered in the 1980s. Recent findings reveal HEV is present in developed countries, changing our understanding of its worldwide health impact.

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection
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"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Published on: February 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • * Virology and Epidemiology
  • * Infectious Diseases
  • * Public Health

Background:

  • * Hepatitis E virus (HEV) emerged during the 1980s Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, initially identified through an outbreak of hepatitis in a military camp.
  • * The virus was detected via electron microscopy in a researcher who ingested fecal matter from affected soldiers.
  • * HEV is now recognized as the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis globally, particularly endemic in resource-poor regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To present recent scientific discoveries concerning Hepatitis E virus (HEV).
  • * To elucidate how new findings have reshaped the global understanding of HEV's impact on human health.
  • * To highlight the evolving epidemiology of HEV, including its presence in developed nations.

Main Methods:

  • * Review of scientific literature and recent research findings on HEV.
  • * Analysis of epidemiological data and clinical reports related to HEV infections.
  • * Synthesis of information on HEV detection, transmission, and disease burden.

Main Results:

  • * HEV was initially believed to be confined to specific endemic areas.
  • * Recent studies confirm the presence and significance of HEV in developed countries.
  • * The global health impact of HEV is more widespread than previously assumed.

Conclusions:

  • * Hepatitis E is a significant global health concern, prevalent worldwide.
  • * The geographical distribution and impact of HEV are broader than initially recognized.
  • * Ongoing research is crucial for managing and mitigating the effects of HEV globally.