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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)01:27

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder01:29

Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder

The development of psychological disorders, which are characterized by deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressing behaviors, has been explored through several theoretical approaches.
Biological approach
The biological approach posits that internal, organic factors are the primary causes of such disorders. This perspective emphasizes brain structure and function, genetic predispositions, and neurotransmitter imbalances. For example, schizophrenia has been associated with both genetic...
Dissociative Identity Disorder01:30

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously termed multiple personality disorder, is a complex psychological condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states. Each identity exhibits unique patterns of behavior, voice, and mannerisms and may possess separate memories and emotional responses. The alternating control between identities can result in memory gaps and challenges in recalling daily activities, often exacerbating the individual's...
Treatment Strategies for Psychological Disorders01:24

Treatment Strategies for Psychological Disorders

Treatment approaches for psychological disorders fall into three main categories: psychological, biological, and sociocultural. Each approach targets different aspects of mental health, requiring varying levels of education and training.
Psychological therapies focus on modifying emotions, thoughts, and behaviors through talking, interpreting, listening, rewarding, challenging, and modeling. Clinical psychologists, counselors, and social workers commonly practice psychotherapy. Clinical...
Formulating and Validating Nursing Diagnosis I01:26

Formulating and Validating Nursing Diagnosis I

A nursing diagnosis is written when the nurse recognizes a cluster of essential patient data indicating health problems treated with independent nursing interventions. The standardized terminologies of a nursing diagnosis help nurses identify and treat patients' problems. Every electronic health record that uses nursing diagnosis must employ standard diagnostic terminology. Developing an efficient, individualized care plan begins with accurate nursing diagnoses.
There are thirteen domains for...
Formulating and Validating Nursing Diagnosis II01:25

Formulating and Validating Nursing Diagnosis II

Nursing diagnoses represent a problem validated by major defining characteristics. There are four categories of nursing diagnoses: problem-focused, risk, health promotion or wellness, and syndrome. The anatomy of a nursing diagnosis includes three components: problem statement or diagnostic label, defining characteristics, and related factors.
Risk nursing diagnoses represent clinical judgments of an individual, family, or community more vulnerable to developing the health problem than others...

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Updated: May 22, 2026

Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment
08:25

Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment

Published on: December 6, 2024

Do clinicians conceptualize DSM-IV disorders hierarchically?

Elizabeth Flanagan1, Jared Keeley, Roger Blashfield

  • 1Yale University, USA. elizabeth.flanagan@yale.edu

Journal of Clinical Psychology
|May 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Clinicians consistently organize mental disorders hierarchically, aligning with diagnostic systems. This hierarchical thinking about psychopathology is robust across various methods and expertise levels.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Psychiatry
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Modern diagnostic systems for psychopathology are structured hierarchically.
  • Understanding clinicians' cognitive processes is crucial for diagnostic consistency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether clinicians' mental models of psychopathology are hierarchical.
  • To examine the consistency of hierarchical thinking in clinicians.

Main Methods:

  • Seventy-six clinicians participated in two studies.
  • Participants sorted 67 diagnostic categories using varied instructions, focusing on grouping similarities or creating nested categories.

Main Results:

  • Clinicians' sorting of mental disorders demonstrated a clear hierarchical structure.
  • This hierarchical organization was consistent irrespective of the sorting methodology, professional background, or expertise level.

Conclusions:

  • Clinicians' cognitive approach to mental disorders is inherently hierarchical.
  • This finding supports the alignment between clinical cognition and existing hierarchical diagnostic frameworks, such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).