Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 22, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
Published on: May 16, 2025
Frontal sinus fractures
Anthony Echo1, Jared S Troy, Larry H Hollier
1Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
Abstract:
The management of frontal sinus fractures has changed over the past 20 years. Whereas the indications for an invasive procedure had been much broader in the past, it has become more common to treat these fractures conservatively, due to improved imaging modalities, the advent of endoscopic surgical treatment of the nasofrontal outflow tracts, and the improved understanding of frontal sinus physiology. A variety of algorithms have been proposed for the management of frontal sinus fractures; however, we present a simplified treatment algorithm, which uses cranialization, obliteration, reconstruction, observation, and endoscopic sinus surgery.
Related Concept Videos
Cranial Bones: Lateral View
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Sutures of the Skull
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Overview of the Skull
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction
Epistaxis
Etiology
Possible causes of this condition include high blood pressure, trauma, low humidity, upper respiratory tract infections, allergies, foreign bodies, nasal inhalation of corticosteroids or illicit drugs, excessive use of decongestant nasal sprays, facial or nasal surgery, anatomic malformation, tumors, or systemic...

