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Related Concept Videos

Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
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Intellectual Disability

Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who are...
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Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
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Disability and the education system.

Laudan Aron1, Pamela Loprest

  • 1Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council, Washington, DC, USA.

The Future of Children
|May 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The U.S. special education system has improved access and inclusion for students with disabilities but faces challenges. Further research is needed to measure service effectiveness and improve educational outcomes for these students.

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Area of Science:

  • Education Policy
  • Disability Studies
  • Sociology of Education

Background:

  • Education is crucial for all children, especially those with disabilities, to ensure social and economic opportunities.
  • The U.S. special education system evolved from the civil rights movement, with federal legislation guaranteeing a free, appropriate public education in the least restrictive setting.
  • Services and accommodations are provided from infancy through young adulthood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the effectiveness of the nation's education system in serving students with disabilities.
  • To trace the historical development and current state of special education in the U.S.
  • To identify persistent challenges and areas for improvement in special education.

Main Methods:

  • Historical analysis of the special education system's evolution.
  • Review of federal legislation and its impact.
  • Examination of services and accommodations provided to students with disabilities.
  • Analysis of educational achievement gaps between students with and without disabilities.

Main Results:

  • The special education system has increased access, facilitated early identification, and promoted inclusion for students with disabilities.
  • Persistent issues include misidentification of student subgroups, service delays, and bureaucratic/financial barriers.
  • Students with disabilities continue to lag in educational achievement, face lower expectations, and have higher dropout rates.

Conclusions:

  • Despite progress, significant challenges remain in the special education system.
  • There is limited evidence on the effectiveness of specific special education services.
  • Improving the system requires better measurement of both services provided and academic outcomes to inform effective reforms.