Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Effect of tasteless calorie-free gum chewing before meal on postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, and gastrointestinal hormones in Japanese men without diagnosed glucose metabolism disorder: a pilot randomized crossover trial.

Diabetology international·2020

Same author

Association of crossing capillaries in the finger nailfold with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Journal of diabetes investigation·2020

Same author

High prevalence and clinical impact of dynapenia and sarcopenia in Japanese patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: Findings from the Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Dynapenia study.

Journal of diabetes investigation·2020

Same author

Oral Contraceptive Disturbed the Recovery of the Adrenal Function after Adrenalectomy in Cushing Syndrome.

Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan)·2020

Same author

Perceptions, attitudes and barriers to obesity management: Japanese data from the ACTION-IO study.

Journal of diabetes investigation·2020

Same author

Stimulation of exosome biogenesis by adiponectin, a circulating factor secreted from adipocytes.

Journal of biochemistry·2020

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Through-the-Wall Blood Sampling Method to Minimize Sleep Disruption in Clinical Settings

Through-the-Wall Blood Sampling Method to Minimize Sleep Disruption in Clinical Settings

Published on: June 13, 2025

Sleep-wake cycle irregularities in type 2 diabetics.

Tomoko Nakanishi-Minami¹, Ken Kishida, Tohru Funahashi

¹Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. kkishida@imed2.med.osaka-u.ac.jp.

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

|May 4, 2012

Summary

Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exhibit more sleep-wake cycle irregularities than those without. This study found later bedtimes and wake times in T2DM patients, suggesting a link between disrupted sleep and metabolic health.

More Related Videos

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Published on: August 2, 2017

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments

Published on: August 8, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Through-the-Wall Blood Sampling Method to Minimize Sleep Disruption in Clinical Settings

Through-the-Wall Blood Sampling Method to Minimize Sleep Disruption in Clinical Settings

Published on: June 13, 2025

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Published on: August 2, 2017

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments

Collecting Sleep, Circadian, Fatigue, and Performance Data in Complex Operational Environments

Published on: August 8, 2019

Area of Science:

Chronobiology
Metabolic Health
Sleep Medicine

Background:

Rising incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Sleep loss and circadian rhythm disruption are potential contributors to metabolic dysfunction.
Limited understanding of sleep-wake cycle patterns in T2DM patients.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate and compare sleep-wake cycle patterns, including bedtime, waking time, and sleep duration, between individuals with and without T2DM.

Main Methods:

A questionnaire-based sleep status assessment was conducted on 106 outpatients with lifestyle-related diseases.
Participants were categorized into two groups: non-T2DM (n=32) and T2DM (n=74).

Main Results:

T2DM subjects demonstrated significantly later bedtimes and wake times on both weekdays and holidays compared to non-T2DM subjects.
No significant difference in total estimated sleep duration was observed between the groups.
Daytime sleepiness was reported more frequently by T2DM subjects.

Conclusions:

Sleep-wake cycle irregularities are more prevalent in individuals with T2DM.
Further research is warranted to confirm the role of these irregularities in the metabolic abnormalities associated with T2DM.