Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Safety and immunogenicity of a reduced, homologous booster dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a single blind, randomized, non-inferiority follow-up trial.

Vaccine·2026
Same author

Better diagnostics could have limited this Ebola outbreak.

Nature·2026
Same author

Dengue antibody dynamics resolved at epitope level using a dengue 1 human infection model.

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases·2026
Same author

High-throughput multiplex immunoassay for the detection of mpox and MVA-BN vaccination up to 2 years after exposure in Belgium: a retrospective diagnostic accuracy study.

The Lancet. Microbe·2026
Same author

Identification of a TCR signature in peripheral blood derived CD4+ T cells, associated with chronic chikungunya disease, suggests a conducive, female-biased, background immune profile.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

Understanding the Rift Valley fever exposure risk: A comparative perspective from a multi-country study in East and Central Africa, 2021-24.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases·2026
Same journal

Genetic and transcriptomic signatures of host control in HIV-1 infection.

Retrovirology·2026
Same journal

Metabolic reprogramming of CD4⁺ T cells by Zaprinast induces HIV-1 latency reversal ex vivo.

Retrovirology·2026
Same journal

Non-integrase mechanisms for dolutegravir resistance.

Retrovirology·2026
Same journal

Functional dissection of the prototype foamy virus glycoprotein heparan sulfate binding site.

Retrovirology·2026
Same journal

The KT Jeang retrovirology prize 2025: Carine Van Lint.

Retrovirology·2026
Same journal

Versatile HIV Rev-dependent reporter cell system for stringent and sensitive quantification of viral reservoirs, neutralizing antibodies, and restriction factors.

Retrovirology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
14:23

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

Published on: August 31, 2014

MiniCD4 protein resistance mutations affect binding to the HIV-1 gp120 CD4 binding site and decrease entry

Katrijn Grupping1, Philippe Selhorst, Johan Michiels

  • 1Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.

Retrovirology
|May 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

HIV-1 resistance to miniCD4 inhibitors involves mutations in conserved regions of the gp120 protein, impacting viral entry and sensitivity to other drugs. These findings offer insights into HIV-1 evolution and CD4 binding site interactions.

More Related Videos

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay
07:10

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

Published on: September 14, 2014

Pairwise Growth Competition Assay for Determining the Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
11:19

Pairwise Growth Competition Assay for Determining the Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses

Published on: May 4, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
14:23

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

Published on: August 31, 2014

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay
07:10

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

Published on: September 14, 2014

Pairwise Growth Competition Assay for Determining the Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
11:19

Pairwise Growth Competition Assay for Determining the Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses

Published on: May 4, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • HIV-1 entry depends on the gp120 subunit binding to the CD4 receptor.
  • The CD4 binding site (CD4bs) on gp120 is a conserved target for inhibitors.
  • MiniCD4 proteins are promising inhibitors targeting the CD4bs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate HIV-1 evolution under pressure from miniCD4 inhibitors.
  • Characterize mutations conferring resistance to miniCD4s.
  • Assess the impact of these mutations on viral entry and inhibitor sensitivity.

Main Methods:

  • Induction of resistance in HIV-1 subtype B strains against M48U1 and M48 miniCD4 inhibitors.
  • Analysis of mutations in gp120 associated with resistance.
  • Introduction of mutations into infectious molecular clones to assess their functional impact.
  • Testing of resistant mutants against various CD4bs inhibitors and antibodies.

Main Results:

  • Resistance to M48U1 consistently involved S375R/N mutations.
  • Resistance to M48 involved D474N (SF162) or H105Y (BaL) mutations.
  • Other mutations (V255, G471) also contributed to resistance.
  • Introduced mutations generally decreased viral entry efficiency.
  • Resistant mutants exhibited cross-resistance to other CD4bs inhibitors and antibodies (447-52D, 17b).

Conclusions:

  • Specific mutations (H105Y, V255M, S375R/N, G471R/E, D474N) confer resistance to miniCD4 inhibitors.
  • These mutations are located in or near the conserved CD4bs.
  • Mutations impact viral entry efficiency, highlighting their importance for infectivity.