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Related Concept Videos

Generation of Straight or Branched Actin Filaments01:14

Generation of Straight or Branched Actin Filaments

The straight or branched structure formation of actin filaments is controlled by nucleating proteins such as the formins and Arp2/3 complex. Formin-mediated assembly results in straight filaments, whereas Arp2/3 protein complex-mediated assembly results in branched actin filaments.
Arp2/3 Complex
Arp2/3 complex is a seven-subunit complex consisting of two proteins similar to actin- Arp2 and Arp3, and five other subunits that help keep Arp2 and Arp3 inactive. When required, the complex is...
Actin Filament Depolymerization01:19

Actin Filament Depolymerization

Actin filaments (F-actin) are composed of actin subunits. The dissociation of actin monomers can occur from either end of F-actin. The rate of dissociation is faster from the minus-end or the pointed end, where the actin subunits exist with a bound ADP, together known as ADP-actin. The depolymerization of F-actin is aided by proteins, including the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) and cofilin family of proteins, gelsolin, and glia maturation factor (GMF).
In F-actin, the ADF/cofilin proteins...
Actin Polymerization01:42

Actin Polymerization

Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
The nucleation phase involves forming a stable nucleus consisting of three actin monomers to form a new actin filament. Actin-binding proteins such as formins and Arp2/3 complex help filament growth post-nucleation. The Formins form straight actin...
Actin Polymerization and Cell Motility01:13

Actin Polymerization and Cell Motility

Actin is a family of globular proteins that are highly abundant in eukaryotic cells. It makes up approximately 1-5% of total cell protein concentration. Actin monomers polymerize to form a complex network of polarized filaments, the actin cytoskeleton, that plays a crucial role in many cellular processes, including cell motility, division, endocytosis, and metastasis of cancer cells.
Actin cytoskeleton dynamics can produce pushing, pulling, and resistance forces that help the cell to migrate.
Polarity of the Cytoskeleton01:18

Polarity of the Cytoskeleton

The intrinsic polarity of cells can be primarily attributed to two factors- i) the asymmetric accumulation of mobile components such are regulatory molecules and subcellular components across the cell and ii) the orientation of polar cytoskeletal filaments that make up the cytoskeletal networks, specifically microfilaments, and microtubules arranged along the axis of polarity. Interactions between the cytoskeletal filaments are crucial for the establishment and maintenance of the polar nature...
Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration01:32

Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration

A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker proteins that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Visualizing Actin and Microtubule Coupling Dynamics In Vitro by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Microscopy
08:44

Visualizing Actin and Microtubule Coupling Dynamics In Vitro by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Microscopy

Published on: July 20, 2022

p70 S6 kinase and actin dynamics: A perspective.

Carman K M Ip1, Alice S T Wong

  • 1School of Biological Sciences; University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong, China.

Spermatogenesis
|May 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

p70 S6 kinase (p70(S6K)) regulates cell migration by controlling actin cytoskeleton dynamics. This review highlights its emerging role in spermatogenesis and testicular function.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Reproductive Biology

Background:

  • p70 S6 kinase (p70(S6K)) is an AGC serine/threonine kinase regulating cell growth and survival.
  • p70(S6K) also influences cell migration via actin cytoskeleton regulation, including actin cross-linking and Rho GTPase activation (Rac1, Cdc42).
  • Testicular function relies on cellular adhesion, migration, and differentiation, processes involving Rho GTPases and actin-binding proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current findings on p70(S6K) in regulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics.
  • To highlight the potential role of p70(S6K) in spermatogenesis and overall testicular function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on p70(S6K) function.
  • Analysis of p70(S6K) involvement in actin cytoskeleton dynamics.

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Aip1p Dynamics Are Altered by the R256H Mutation in Actin
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Aip1p Dynamics Are Altered by the R256H Mutation in Actin

Published on: July 30, 2014

Reconstituting and Characterizing Actin-Microtubule Composites with Tunable Motor-Driven Dynamics and Mechanics
09:10

Reconstituting and Characterizing Actin-Microtubule Composites with Tunable Motor-Driven Dynamics and Mechanics

Published on: August 25, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Visualizing Actin and Microtubule Coupling Dynamics In Vitro by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Microscopy
08:44

Visualizing Actin and Microtubule Coupling Dynamics In Vitro by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Microscopy

Published on: July 20, 2022

Aip1p Dynamics Are Altered by the R256H Mutation in Actin
08:57

Aip1p Dynamics Are Altered by the R256H Mutation in Actin

Published on: July 30, 2014

Reconstituting and Characterizing Actin-Microtubule Composites with Tunable Motor-Driven Dynamics and Mechanics
09:10

Reconstituting and Characterizing Actin-Microtubule Composites with Tunable Motor-Driven Dynamics and Mechanics

Published on: August 25, 2022

  • Exploration of p70(S6K) roles in cellular processes relevant to testicular function.

    • Main Results:

    • p70(S6K) is a multifunctional protein regulating cell growth, survival, and migration.
    • p70(S6K) modulates actin cytoskeleton dynamics through actin cross-linking and activation of Rac1 and Cdc42.
    • Rho GTPases and actin-binding proteins are crucial for spermatogenesis.

    Conclusions:

    • p70(S6K) plays a significant role in controlling actin cytoskeleton dynamics, impacting cell migration.
    • Further research into p70(S6K)'s function in spermatogenesis and testicular health is warranted.