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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response01:31

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum01:34

Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...

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Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
10:24

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

A new framework for understanding IRES-mediated translation.

Anton A Komar1, Barsanjit Mazumder, William C Merrick

  • 1Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.

Gene
|May 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Eukaryotic translation initiation is more complex than previously thought. New research reveals mRNAs that blend cap-dependent and cap-independent pathways, suggesting a broader understanding of protein synthesis regulation is needed.

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
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Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling
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Published on: October 28, 2014

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
10:37

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Published on: May 10, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Traditional models classify eukaryotic translation initiation into cap-dependent and cap-independent (Internal Ribosome Entry Site-mediated) pathways.
  • Recent studies indicate this binary classification is insufficient to explain initiation mechanisms for various regulatory mRNAs.
  • Regulatory proteins, often needed in low quantities, are encoded by mRNAs exhibiting novel initiation strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and establish foundational principles for analyzing diverse mRNA translation initiation pathways.
  • To integrate findings on novel initiation mechanisms with established pathways, particularly cap-dependent translation.
  • To provide a framework for understanding the emerging complexity in eukaryotic translation initiation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on eukaryotic translation initiation.
  • Analysis of mRNA features and protein products associated with different initiation mechanisms.
  • Comparative examination of cap-dependent, IRES-mediated, and novel initiation pathways.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests a spectrum of translation initiation mechanisms, blurring the lines between cap-dependent and cap-independent processes.
  • mRNAs encoding regulatory proteins often employ pathways that do not fit traditional classifications.
  • A hybrid mechanism, termed 'm(7)G-assisted internal initiation', is emerging as a significant mode of translation initiation.

Conclusions:

  • The traditional view of eukaryotic translation initiation requires significant revision.
  • A more nuanced understanding, incorporating hybrid mechanisms, is necessary to accurately describe protein synthesis.
  • Future research should focus on characterizing these diverse initiation pathways and their regulatory roles.