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Related Concept Videos

Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Drug Regulation01:25

Drug Regulation

Drug regulation encompasses the management of drug usage by evaluating its safety and efficacy through assessments conducted by regulatory authorities. Regrettably, the history of drug regulation is marred by several catastrophic events. One such incident is the Elixir Sulfanilamide tragedy, in which the toxic compound diethyl glycol was included in a sweet-tasting medication, leading to numerous fatalities. This event prompted the enactment of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938. Under...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Fungal Phylum Basidiomycota01:26

Fungal Phylum Basidiomycota

Basidiomycota is a diverse phylum of fungi that includes ecologically significant decomposers such as white rot fungi, symbionts like mycorrhizal fungi, plant pathogens such as rusts and smuts, and edible species like Agaricus bisporus (the common button mushroom). These fungi play crucial roles in nutrient cycling, symbiotic relationships, and even human health. Their defining feature is the basidium, a microscopic club-shaped structure responsible for producing basidiospores.Fruiting Bodies...
Production of Biopesticides01:18

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Drug Toxicity: Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

RNAi-mediated Control of Aflatoxins in Peanut: Method to Analyze Mycotoxin Production and Transgene Expression in the Peanut/Aspergillus Pathosystem
09:44

RNAi-mediated Control of Aflatoxins in Peanut: Method to Analyze Mycotoxin Production and Transgene Expression in the Peanut/Aspergillus Pathosystem

Published on: December 21, 2015

Mycotoxins - limits and regulations.

P M Mazumder1, D Sasmal

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical sciences, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra - 835215, Ranchi, India.

Ancient Science of Life
|May 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Regulatory bodies worldwide monitor mycotoxins in food and feed to protect public health. The FDA

Area of Science:

  • Food safety and toxicology
  • Analytical chemistry
  • Regulatory science

Background:

  • Mycotoxins, toxic compounds produced by fungi, pose significant risks to human and animal health.
  • Regulatory agencies established quality control measures for foodstuffs early on, intensifying efforts after the discovery of aflatoxins.
  • Mycotoxins like aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A, and patulin are commonly found in various food products.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the ongoing FDA sampling program for mycotoxins in foods.
  • To emphasize the importance of comprehensive mycotoxin analysis in all food products, especially baby foods.
  • To detail the established regulatory limits for various mycotoxins in food and feed.

Main Methods:

  • The FDA employs a sampling program to identify and remove foods with significant levels of mycotoxins.
Keywords:
Mycotoxins

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Quantification of Fungal Colonization, Sporogenesis, and Production of Mycotoxins Using Kernel Bioassays
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Quantification of Fungal Colonization, Sporogenesis, and Production of Mycotoxins Using Kernel Bioassays
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Quantification of Fungal Colonization, Sporogenesis, and Production of Mycotoxins Using Kernel Bioassays

Published on: April 23, 2012

  • FDA personnel are tasked with sampling and analyzing products for a range of mycotoxins.
  • Specific analytical methods are used to quantify mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, fumonisins, DON, ochratoxin A, and patulin.

    • Main Results:

    • The FDA's sampling program aims to control mycotoxin levels in food.
    • Regulatory limits for mycotoxins vary by toxin type and intended use (food vs. feed).
    • Specific limits are set for aflatoxins (0-40 ppb food, 0-1000 ppb feed), ochratoxin A (0-50 ppb food, 0-1000 ppb feed), DON (500-2000 ppb food, 5-10,000 ppb feed), zearalenone (0-1000 ppb food), patulin (0-50 ppb food), and fumonisins (0-1000 ppb food, 5000-50,000 ppb feed).

    Conclusions:

    • Continuous monitoring and analysis of mycotoxins in food are crucial for public health protection.
    • All baby foods require thorough analysis for all types of mycotoxins.
    • Adherence to established regulatory limits for mycotoxins in food and feed is essential.