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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

Stem Cell Culture

Stem Cell Culture

Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research

EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research

Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are excellent models for disease research because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into most cell types. Somatic cells from a patient are isolated and reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs. These iPSCs are later differentiated into the desired cell type, which mirrors the diseased cell of the patient. In this way, disease models have been created for investigating diseases such as Down syndrome, type I diabetes,...

Adult Stem Cells

Adult Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously renew...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Developmental Toxicity Assays for Chemical Safety Screening and Systems Biology Data Generation

Published on: June 17, 2015

Embryonic stem cells: An alternative approach to developmental toxicity testing.

S Tandon¹, S Jyoti

¹Department of Biotechnology, Bioinformatics and Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences

|May 5, 2012

Summary

Human stem cells can differentiate into specialized cells, offering a promising alternative to animal testing for drug screening and studying developmental defects. This approach enhances safety and ethical considerations in research.

Keywords:

Stem cells teratogens toxicological screening

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Area of Science:

Biomedical research
Developmental biology
Pharmacology

Background:

Stem cells possess self-renewal and differentiation capabilities.
Embryonic stem cells can be directed to form specific cell types.
Current drug screening and developmental studies face ethical and practical limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the potential of human stem cells in drug discovery.
To investigate the use of stem cells for studying genetic variations and birth defects.
To establish reliable human stem cell-based assays as alternatives to animal testing.

Main Methods:

Utilizing specified growth conditions to guide stem cell differentiation.
Applying directed differentiation of stem cells for pharmacological screening.
Developing human stem cell-based assays for toxicological evaluation.

Main Results:

Stem cell differentiation offers a viable model for studying human development.
This approach provides a platform for identifying safer and more effective drugs.
Human stem cell assays can address ethical concerns associated with animal testing.

Conclusions:

Human stem cell-based assays are crucial for advancing pharmacological and toxicological screening.
Directed differentiation of stem cells presents a powerful tool for developmental studies.
Validated stem cell assays are needed to replace traditional animal testing methods.