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Related Concept Videos

Field Effect Transistor01:29

Field Effect Transistor

Field-effect transistors (FETs) are integral to electronic circuits and distinguished by their three-terminal setup: the gate, drain, and source. These transistors operate as unipolar devices, which utilize either electrons or holes as charge carriers, in contrast to bipolar transistors, which use both types of carriers. The primary function of the FET is to modulate the flow of these carriers from the source to the drain through a channel. The voltage difference between the gate and source...
Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit01:20

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Microfluidic Platform with Multiplexed Electronic Detection for Spatial Tracking of Particles
11:54

Microfluidic Platform with Multiplexed Electronic Detection for Spatial Tracking of Particles

Published on: March 13, 2017

Note: multiplexed multiple-tau auto- and cross-correlators on a single field programmable gate array.

G Mocsár1, B Kreith, J Buchholz

  • 1Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|May 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a novel hardware correlator for real-time fluorescence correlation function (CF) computation. This efficient design minimizes hardware use and enables simultaneous autocorrelation (ACF) and cross-correlation (CCF) calculations.

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Instrumentation
  • Data Analysis

Background:

  • Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is crucial for analyzing molecular dynamics.
  • Real-time computation of correlation functions (CFs) is essential for high-throughput biological analysis.
  • Existing hardware correlators can be resource-intensive and lack flexibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a new, resource-efficient multiple-tau hardware correlator design.
  • To enable real-time computation of fluorescence correlation functions (CFs).
  • To demonstrate simultaneous calculation of autocorrelation (ACF) and cross-correlation (CCF) functions.

Main Methods:

  • A novel multiple-tau hardware correlator architecture was designed.
  • Computation of different CF segments was scheduled on a single correlator block to minimize hardware usage.
  • The design was implemented using LabVIEW on a National Instruments field-programmable gate array (FPGA) card.
  • Minimal sampling time of 400 ns and raw data storage time resolution of 50 ns were achieved.

Main Results:

  • The hardware correlator efficiently computes fluorescence correlation functions (CFs) in real time.
  • Simultaneous calculation of two multiple-tau autocorrelation functions (ACFs) and two cross-correlation functions (CCFs) was successfully implemented.
  • The system achieved a minimal sampling time of 400 ns and a raw data storage resolution of 50 ns.

Conclusions:

  • The developed multiple-tau hardware correlator offers an efficient solution for real-time CF analysis.
  • The design's modularity allows for easy adaptation to different FPGA cards and scalability to more input channels.
  • This advancement facilitates faster and more comprehensive analysis of molecular dynamics using FCS.