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Updated: May 22, 2026
Imaging of the Microstructural Failure Mechanism in the Human Hip
Published on: September 29, 2023
The reliability of a simplified Garden classification for intracapsular hip fractures
D Van Embden1, S J Rhemrev, F Genelin
1Department of Surgery, Medisch Centrum Haaglanden, Lijnbaan 32, 2512 VA, The Hague, The Netherlands. daphnevanembden@hotmail.com
Background:
The Garden classification is used to classify intracapsular proximal femur fractures. The reliability of this classification is poor and several authors advise a simplified classification of intracapsular hip fractures into non-displaced and displaced fractures. However, this proposed simplified classification has never been tested for its reliability.
Hypothesis:
We estimate simplifying the classification of femoral neck fractures will lead to a higher inter-observer agreement.
Materials And Methods:
Ten observers, trauma surgeons and residents, from two different institutes classified 100 intracapsular femoral neck fractures. The inter-observer agreements were calculated using the multi-rater Fleiss' kappa.
Results:
The inter-observer kappa for the Garden classification was 0.31. An agreement of κ0.52 was observed if the Garden classification was simplified and the fractures were classified by our observers as 'non-displaced' or 'displaced'. No difference in reliability was seen for the use of the four-grade Garden classification as well as the simplified classification between trauma surgeons and residents.
Discussion:
Classification of intracapsular hip fractures according to the four-grade Garden classification is unreliable. The reliability of classification improves when the Garden classification is simplified in a classification using the terms: 'non-displaced' or 'displaced'.
Level Of Evidence:
Level IV. Diagnostic retrospective study.
