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Related Concept Videos

Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...
Lineage Commitment01:21

Lineage Commitment

Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

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A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
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Microenvironment-evoked cell lineage conversion: Shifting the focus from internal reprogramming to external forcing.

Ji Lin1, Mei-rong Li, Dong-dong Ti

  • 1Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China.

Ageing Research Reviews
|May 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microenvironment-evoked cell lineage conversion offers a safer, more practical approach for regenerative medicine compared to reprogramming. This method is poised to become the future focus for creating replacement cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Cellular deficits in function or quantity necessitate the development of replacement cells.
  • Cell lineage conversion is a key strategy to generate desired cell types from abundant sources.
  • Two primary methods, reprogramming and microenvironment direction, are employed for lineage specification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution and fundamental principles of cell reprogramming and microenvironment direction.
  • To analyze the limitations and interplay between these two cell lineage conversion strategies.
  • To discuss future directions and clinical applications in regenerative medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cell reprogramming techniques.
  • Analysis of microenvironment-directed cell fate manipulation strategies.
  • Comparative assessment of safety, technical feasibility, and clinical potential.

Main Results:

  • Both reprogramming and microenvironment direction have advanced cell lineage conversion.
  • Current limitations exist for both strategies, particularly concerning safety and technical challenges.
  • Microenvironment-evoked conversion presents fewer safety and technical hurdles.

Conclusions:

  • Microenvironment-evoked cell lineage conversion is emerging as a more promising strategy.
  • This approach is expected to shift the focus in regenerative medicine.
  • Future research should prioritize optimizing microenvironment-directed cell therapies for clinical use.