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Updated: May 22, 2026

Characterization of Adipocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Secretion Using a CD63-GFP Reporter Mouse Model In Vivo and In Vitro
Published on: December 5, 2025
Physiological, pathological and potential therapeutic roles of adipokines
Inês Falcão-Pires1, Paulo Castro-Chaves, Daniela Miranda-Silva
1Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Abstract:
Formerly regarded purely as passive energy storage, adipose tissue is now recognized as a vital endocrine organ. Adipocytes secrete diverse peptide hormones named adipokines, which act in a autocrine, paracrine or endocrine way to influence several biological functions. Adipokines comprise diverse bioactive substances, including cytokines, growth, and complement factors, which perform essential regulatory functions related to energy balance, satiety and immunity. Presently adipokines have been widely implicated in obesity, diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. In this article we aim to present a brief description of the roles and potential therapeutic modulation of adipokines, such as leptin, resistin, adiponectin, apelin, visfatin, FABP-4, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1).
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