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Related Concept Videos

Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Toxidromes: Clinical Features01:30

Toxidromes: Clinical Features

Toxidromes are specific patterns of symptoms resulting from toxic substance exposure. They help in the identification and treatment of poisoning. The symptoms of each toxidrome group indicate poisoning by a certain class of chemicals or drugs.1. Sympathomimetic: Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. Symptoms include agitation, increased heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), temperature, and pupil size. Drugs like cocaine and amphetamines, along with tremors and...
Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...

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A toxicology ontology roadmap.

Barry Hardy1, Gordana Apic, Philip Carthew

  • 1Douglas Connect and OpenTox, Zeiningen, Switzerland. Barry.Hardy@douglasconnect.com

ALTEX
|May 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing a standardized, open toxicology ontology is crucial for predictive toxicology. This will enable better data sharing and analysis across in silico, in vitro, and in vivo methods, advancing human health risk assessment.

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology and Computational Biology
  • cheminformatics
  • Regulatory Science

Background:

  • Adverse effects of foreign substances necessitate early identification in therapeutic development.
  • Predictive toxicology aims to profile potential adverse effects using in vivo, in vitro, and computational methods.
  • Effective predictive toxicology requires a large, interoperable knowledge base of previous findings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline a roadmap for developing an integrated toxicology ontology.
  • To support diverse toxicology methods (in silico, in vitro, in vivo) with standardized data.
  • To facilitate data management, model building, and regulatory reporting.

Main Methods:

  • Leveraging existing ontology and standards initiatives.
  • Identifying and addressing gaps through new ontology development.
  • Engaging stakeholders in a public-private partnership.

Main Results:

  • A roadmap for an integrated toxicology ontology is proposed.
  • Stakeholder requirements from academic and industry perspectives are analyzed.
  • The initiative aims to improve data interoperability and support regulatory compliance.

Conclusions:

  • An integrated toxicology ontology is essential for advancing mechanistically-based predictive toxicology.
  • Standardized vocabularies and ontologies will enhance data analysis and reporting.
  • A coordinated, multi-stakeholder effort is required for successful ontology development and implementation.