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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response
11:56

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

Published on: November 12, 2014

Scuba diving activates vascular antioxidant system.

A Sureda1, J M Batle, M D Ferrer

  • 1Biochemistry, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.

International Journal of Sports Medicine
|May 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scuba diving activates antioxidant defenses against oxidative stress. Post-dive, increased nitric oxide and vascular endothelial growth factor aid vasodilation and tissue protection.

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Marine Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Scuba diving involves exposure to hyperbaric conditions and increased oxygen partial pressure (pO₂).
  • These conditions can induce oxidative stress, potentially affecting vascular function and antioxidant systems.
  • Understanding the physiological responses to deep diving is crucial for diver safety and health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of deep scuba diving on plasma antioxidant defenses.
  • To assess changes in nitric oxide, endothelin-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels post-immersion.
  • To elucidate the relationship between diving-induced oxidative stress and vascular responses.

Main Methods:

  • Nine male divers underwent a 35-minute immersion at 50 meters depth.
  • Blood samples were collected pre-dive, immediately post-dive, and 3 hours after the dive.
  • Analysis included leukocyte counts, oxidative stress markers (8-oxoHG, malondialdehyde), antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase), and vasoactive factors (nitrite, endothelin-1, VEGF).

Main Results:

  • Leukocyte counts and oxidative stress markers (8-oxoHG, malondialdehyde) increased post-recovery.
  • Antioxidant enzyme activities (LDH, CK, catalase, superoxide) elevated immediately after diving and remained high.
  • Endothelin-1 decreased, while nitric oxide (nitrite) and VEGF increased post-diving, suggesting vasodilation and tissue adaptation.

Conclusions:

  • Deep scuba diving triggers a robust activation of the plasma antioxidant system to counteract hyperbaric oxidative stress.
  • Reduced endothelin-1 and elevated nitric oxide synthesis likely contribute to post-diving vasodilation.
  • Increased VEGF levels may enhance tissue resistance to diving-related oxidative damage.