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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol abuse, or...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management01:21

Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management

Surgical interventions for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are essential in managing symptoms and addressing complications. The selection of surgical procedures is contingent upon the specific conditions and complications that stem from these illnesses.
Here are some common surgical interventions for IBD:
Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction01:24

Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction

Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
Varicose Veins II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:26

Varicose Veins II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Varicose veins, or varicosities, develop when the valves in the veins, which control blood flow, weaken or damage. It causes blood to pool and the veins to enlarge. Understanding the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management options for varicose veins is crucial for effective treatment and relief.Clinical manifestationsClinical manifestations of varicose veins include a heavy, achy feeling or pain after prolonged standing or sitting. This discomfort can often be relieved by...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...

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Updated: May 22, 2026

Acupoint Needle-Embedding Combined with Ironing Therapy for Postoperative Pain After Anal Surgery
05:39

Acupoint Needle-Embedding Combined with Ironing Therapy for Postoperative Pain After Anal Surgery

Published on: June 23, 2023

Hemorrhoids: from basic pathophysiology to clinical management.

Varut Lohsiriwat1

  • 1Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. bolloon@hotmail.com

World Journal of Gastroenterology
|May 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This review covers hemorrhoid causes, symptoms, and treatments. It details conservative options like lifestyle changes and rubber band ligation, and surgical interventions when needed.

Keywords:
HemorrhoidsManagementOutcomePathophysiologyTreatment

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Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
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Published on: June 18, 2020

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Published on: June 23, 2023

Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy
07:10

Measurement of the Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient and Transjugular Liver Biopsy

Published on: June 18, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Colorectal Surgery

Background:

  • Hemorrhoids involve symptomatic enlargement and displacement of anal cushions.
  • Rectal bleeding during bowel movements is a common symptom.
  • Pathological findings include vascular channel distortion and connective tissue changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors, classification, and treatment of hemorrhoids.
  • To discuss current non-operative and operative management strategies.
  • To evaluate the applications and outcomes of various hemorrhoid treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of hemorrhoid pathophysiology and treatment.
  • Discussion of conservative management including lifestyle modifications, fiber supplements, anti-inflammatory drugs, and venotonics.
  • Analysis of non-operative procedures like sclerotherapy and rubber band ligation.
  • Evaluation of surgical options such as hemorrhoidectomy and stapled hemorrhoidopexy.

Main Results:

  • Vascular tone dysregulation and hyperplasia may contribute to hemorrhoid development.
  • Conservative treatments are often effective, with rubber band ligation preferred.
  • Surgery is reserved for treatment failures or complications.
  • Surgical treatments can lead to postoperative pain, anal stricture, and incontinence.

Conclusions:

  • Hemorrhoid management involves a spectrum from conservative measures to surgical interventions.
  • Understanding the pathophysiology may reveal targets for future medical treatments.
  • Treatment choice depends on symptom severity, patient factors, and treatment outcomes, with careful consideration of potential morbidities.