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Related Experiment Videos

Functional reconstruction after facial paralysis: a survey.

A Berger1, H J Bargmann

  • 1Clinic of Plastic, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Hannover, Medical School, Federal Republic of Germany.

World Journal of Surgery
|November 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary

Reconstructing a symmetrical smile is a complex surgical challenge, often requiring individualized nerve grafting and muscle transfer techniques for optimal results in facial expression restoration.

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Facial Reanimation Surgery
  • Microsurgery

Background:

  • Achieving symmetrical and harmonious facial expressions is a significant surgical challenge.
  • Long-standing facial deformities present unique difficulties in reconstruction.
  • Previous clinical and laboratory studies have explored smile reconstruction techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare various surgical techniques for smile reconstruction.
  • To emphasize advancements in facial reanimation over the last decade.
  • To present the authors' experiences with different reconstructive methods.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical investigations and laboratory experiments.
  • Discussion of nerve grafting (ipsilateral or crossfacial) and functional muscle transfer (2-stage procedure).

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  • Analysis of hypoglossal-facial anastomosis and dynamic muscle techniques (e.g., temporal muscle transposition).

    • Main Results:

    • A 2-stage procedure involving nerve grafting and muscle transfer yields acceptable results for long-standing deformities.
    • Hypoglossal-facial anastomosis and dynamic muscle techniques offer adequate functional reconstruction.
    • Recent advancements (last 10 years) have refined these reconstructive approaches.

    Conclusions:

    • Individualized approaches are crucial for successful facial expression surgery.
    • Nerve grafting and muscle transfer remain key strategies for smile restoration.
    • Ongoing development of dynamic techniques continues to improve functional outcomes in facial reanimation.