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Related Concept Videos

Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
08:26

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

Published on: December 14, 2016

Exploiting human memory B cell heterogeneity for improved vaccine efficacy.

Noel T Pauli1, Carole J Henry Dunand, Patrick C Wilson

  • 1Committee on Immunology, Section of Rheumatology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA.

Frontiers in Immunology
|May 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Long-lived humoral memory, crucial for vaccines, involves plasma and memory B cells. Recent research reveals diverse CD27⁻ memory B cell subsets, challenging classical views and offering new insights for vaccine design.

Keywords:
B cellB cell subsetanthraxantibodyimmunoglobulininfluenzamemory B cellvaccine

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In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells
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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
08:26

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

Published on: December 14, 2016

Single-cell Screening Method for the Selection and Recovery of Antibodies with Desired Specificities from Enriched Human Memory B Cell Populations
09:07

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Published on: August 22, 2019

In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells
10:26

In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells

Published on: January 20, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Long-term humoral immunity relies on plasma cells and memory B cells.
  • CD27 is a traditional marker for human B cell memory.
  • Emerging evidence indicates the existence of CD27⁻ memory B cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review human B cell memory subsets.
  • To discuss B cell memory formation during infection and vaccination.
  • To explore the implications of novel memory B cell subsets for vaccine development and disease treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of immunological studies on B cell memory.
  • Analysis of data on CD27 and CD27⁻ memory B cell populations.
  • Synthesis of information on B cell memory heterogeneity.

Main Results:

  • Human B cell memory is more heterogeneous than previously thought.
  • CD27⁻ memory B cells represent distinct populations with unique characteristics.
  • These novel subsets have different origins, locations, and functions.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding diverse B cell memory subsets is critical for effective vaccine design.
  • Novel memory B cell populations may represent new targets for therapeutic interventions.
  • Further research into B cell memory heterogeneity will advance immunology and medicine.