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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist
07:48

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Published on: April 25, 2018

Elementary steps in T cell receptor triggering.

Omer Dushek1

  • 1Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK. omer.dushek@path.ox.ac.uk

Frontiers in Immunology
|May 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding T cell receptor (TCR) triggering requires dissecting its complex signaling mechanism. This perspective proposes a step-by-step approach to build unified mechanistic models for TCR triggering.

Keywords:
T cell activationT cell receptorkinase-phosphatase cyclesmathematical modelreceptor triggering

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Signaling
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • The precise mechanism of T cell receptor (TCR) triggering, involving antigen binding and subsequent intracellular signaling, remains incompletely understood.
  • Extensive research suggests multiple biophysical/biochemical factors and molecules contribute to TCR triggering.
  • The TCR's critical role in recognizing diverse ligands presents unique challenges to understanding its signaling pathway.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel approach for elucidating the complex mechanism of TCR triggering.
  • To advocate for breaking down TCR triggering into fundamental, manageable steps.
  • To lay the groundwork for developing comprehensive mechanistic models of TCR triggering.

Main Methods:

  • This perspective is theoretical, proposing a conceptual framework rather than experimental methods.
  • It suggests a reductionist approach to analyze TCR triggering.
  • The proposed method involves understanding elementary steps before synthesizing a unified model.

Main Results:

  • A proposed strategy to systematically dissect the TCR triggering process.
  • Identification of a need for elementary step analysis to build mechanistic models.
  • A pathway towards a unified model of TCR triggering by recombining understood elementary steps.

Conclusions:

  • A step-by-step mechanistic analysis is a viable strategy to understand TCR triggering.
  • Understanding elementary steps is crucial for building comprehensive TCR triggering models.
  • This approach can unify disparate experimental findings into a cohesive mechanistic understanding.