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Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
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Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
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Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
Most synapses are chemical, meaning an electrical impulse or action potential spurs the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. The neuron sending the signal is called the presynaptic neuron, and the neuron receiving the signal is the postsynaptic neuron.
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Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers (except those supplying the sweat glands) releasing noradrenaline or norepinephrine are called noradrenergic or adrenergic neurons. Noradrenaline, dopamine, adrenaline, or epinephrine are collectively called "catecholamines" as they contain a catechol moiety and an amine side chain. The five stages of neurotransmitter release involve their synthesis, storage, release, reuptake and metabolism.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Three-dimensional Tissue Engineered Aligned Astrocyte Networks to Recapitulate Developmental Mechanisms and Facilitate Nervous System Regeneration
08:52

Three-dimensional Tissue Engineered Aligned Astrocyte Networks to Recapitulate Developmental Mechanisms and Facilitate Nervous System Regeneration

Published on: January 10, 2018

NT2 derived neuronal and astrocytic network signalling.

Eric J Hill1, Cristina Jiménez-González, Marta Tarczyluk

  • 1Aston Research Centre into Healthy Ageing (ARCHA), Aston University, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom.

Plos One
|May 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stem cell-derived neurons and astrocytes show functional properties and network interactions. Co-culturing these cells may support neuronal survival and offer therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases.

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The Indirect Neuron-astrocyte Coculture Assay: An In Vitro Set-up for the Detailed Investigation of Neuron-glia Interactions

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Three-dimensional Tissue Engineered Aligned Astrocyte Networks to Recapitulate Developmental Mechanisms and Facilitate Nervous System Regeneration
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Published on: January 10, 2018

Analyzing the Size, Shape, and Directionality of Networks of Coupled Astrocytes
10:10

Analyzing the Size, Shape, and Directionality of Networks of Coupled Astrocytes

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The Indirect Neuron-astrocyte Coculture Assay: An In Vitro Set-up for the Detailed Investigation of Neuron-glia Interactions
11:08

The Indirect Neuron-astrocyte Coculture Assay: An In Vitro Set-up for the Detailed Investigation of Neuron-glia Interactions

Published on: November 14, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Cellular Signaling

Background:

  • Stem cell research aims to generate neurons for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Astrocytes play a crucial role in supporting neuronal function and brain modulation.
  • Understanding astrocyte-neuron interactions is vital for therapeutic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional properties of NT2-derived neurons and astrocytes.
  • To examine the network interactions between NT2-derived neurons and astrocytes in co-culture.
  • To assess the potential of astrocytes in supporting stem cell-derived neuronal networks.

Main Methods:

  • Electrophysiological recordings
  • Calcium imaging techniques
  • Co-culture of NT2-derived neurons and astrocytes

Main Results:

  • NT2 neurons exhibited action potentials and responded to glutamate.
  • NT2 astrocytes showed functional properties, including spontaneous calcium oscillations and waves.
  • Co-cultured NT2 neurons and astrocytes demonstrated network interactions.

Conclusions:

  • NT2-derived astrocytes possess appropriate functionality for supporting neuronal networks.
  • The co-culture system is valuable for studying human brain cell signaling.
  • Astrocytes may be crucial for the therapeutic success of stem cell-derived neurons.