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Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.

Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Using Ex Vivo Live Imaging to Investigate Cell Divisions and Movements During Mouse Dental Renewal

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External apical root resorption in retracted incisors.

Hallissa Simplicio¹, Jose Sandro Pereira da Silva, Sergei Godeiro Fernandes Rabelo Caldas

¹Department of Dentistry, UFRN, School of Dentistry, University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. hallizza@hotmail.com

Orthodontics : the Art and Practice of Dentofacial Enhancement

|May 9, 2012

Summary

Significant external apical root resorption (EARR) occurred in incisors after orthodontic retraction, but was largely unrelated to root movement or tipping. EARR was more pronounced in the mandibular right lateral incisor.

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Area of Science:

Orthodontics
Dental Imaging
Periodontology

Background:

Corrective orthodontic treatment often involves anterior retraction.
First premolar extraction is a common approach for managing crowding and protrusion.
External apical root resorption (EARR) is a potential side effect of orthodontic tooth movement.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess EARR in incisors following anterior retraction after premolar extraction.
To investigate the relationship between EARR and incisor root apex movement and inclination.

Main Methods:

Evaluated 22 patients (12-25 years) undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances and premolar extraction.
Measured EARR on periapical radiographs before and after incisor retraction.
Analyzed incisor tipping and root apex movement (vertical, horizontal, total) using cephalometric radiographs.

Main Results:

Significant EARR (1.51–2.37 mm) was observed in incisors during retraction.
EARR occurred in all evaluated incisors, with greater significance in the mandibular right lateral incisor (P < .05).
Root apex movement and tipping were generally not correlated with EARR.

Conclusions:

EARR is a common finding after incisor retraction in this cohort.
The degree of EARR was mostly independent of root apex movement and inclination.
Exceptions included vertical root apex movement of the mandibular left central incisor and inclination of the maxillary right lateral incisor.