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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
Upper Respiratory Drugs: First and Second-Generation Antihistamines01:15

Upper Respiratory Drugs: First and Second-Generation Antihistamines

Antihistamines are a class of drugs widely used to alleviate the symptoms of allergies, such as sneezing, itching, and nasal congestion. They work by inhibiting the actions of histamine, which is released by immune cells in response to allergenic substances or tissue injuries.
Histamine binds to specific receptor sites, known as H1 receptors, on tissue cells, triggering inflammation and swelling. Antihistamines combat these effects by competing with histamine for these receptor sites. By...
Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...
Acute Pharyngitis01:30

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals
09:31

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

Published on: April 15, 2017

[Anti-influenza virus agent].

Shigeki Nakamura1, Shigeru Kohno

  • 1Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science.

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine
|May 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New anti-influenza drugs, including novel neuraminidase inhibitors and RNA polymerase inhibitors, are crucial for combating resistant and pandemic strains like influenza A (H1N1) and H5N1.

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An Optimized Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Assay to Quantify Influenza-specific Antibody Titers
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An Optimized Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Assay to Quantify Influenza-specific Antibody Titers

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals
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Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

Published on: April 15, 2017

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses
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Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses

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An Optimized Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Assay to Quantify Influenza-specific Antibody Titers

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Context:

  • The rise of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in 2009 highlights the urgent need for novel antiviral agents.
  • Existing influenza treatments face challenges with emerging resistance and novel viral strains.

Purpose:

  • To review the development and potential of new anti-influenza agents.
  • To address the limitations of current therapies against resistant and severe influenza infections.

Summary:

  • Novel neuraminidase inhibitors like peramivir (intravenous) and laninamivir (inhaled) offer new treatment options.
  • Favipiravir, a novel RNA polymerase inhibitor, is under development with a unique mechanism of action.
  • These agents are expected to be effective against seasonal, pandemic (H1N1, H5N1), and oseltamivir-resistant influenza.

Impact:

  • Improved patient outcomes for severe influenza cases, including pandemic and avian strains.
  • Provides effective therapeutic strategies against oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses.
  • Enhances the global preparedness for future influenza pandemics and seasonal outbreaks.